Lecture 4: Sexual serial killing Flashcards
voorbeeld van kind die een fetisch krijgt van ballon
jong kind werd bang van een ballon die knapte. physical punishment as a child can lead to sexual pleasure from pain
waarom is violent pornography gevaarlijk
omdat dopamine pathways ook geactiveerd worden door fantasieen, waardoor je dit gaat willen.
watching repeated acts of violence can lead to violent cues inferring with dopamine pathways
toates: waar bestaat motivatie uit
excitation + en inhibition -
inhibition
top-down, from the prefrontal cortex that suppresses the subcortex.
how is inhibition relevant in serial killing
the PFC can be disrupted:
* high emotion
* traumatic impact
* chemical impact
when there is such a disruption, the inhibition is removed.
opioids and dopamine
opioids are largely responsible for our mood, when the mood goes down, we tend to take control action, mediated by dopamine, in order to lift our mood.
dit is evident in BPD, where there are problems in this circuitry of the brain.
stress weakens the PFC and increases the subcortical dopamine.
stressors here have a human causation, and then killer attacks can be triggered (laughing at, job loss, romantic rejection, etc).
excitation transfer
the rope-bridge experiment
fear on crossing bridge -> sexual desire on reaching safety
participants crossed a scary bridge and then asked the men questions, and looked for sexual themes in their answer. there tended to be more sexual themes than compared to a concrete bridge that was less scary.
excitation transfer from fear to sexual desire
hoe is excitation transfer bij autos die met mooie vrouwen zijn
men get excited from women, then this excitation would transfer to the car.
the role of arousal
- specific and general arousal
- chance events can lead to arousal
- can develop from childhood
kijken naar sexual desire schema
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physical punishment and sex
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: physical punishment as a child -> sexual arousal as an adult
fantasy → dopamine activation (VTA→nucleus
accumbens) – just as for real sexual incentives
violent fantasy very dangerous
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Ramsland said:
increased incentive salience, as dopamine acts during novelty and excitement
Niklas Frank and Hans Frank
Hans was executed because he was a war criminal. he would imagine his father walking to the gallows (hanging) and this disturbed him, but when he came sexually matured he masturbated to the image of his father.
arousal can be transferred from an awful experience to something sexual.
wat gebeurt er als je steeds naar geweld kijkt
the ability of violent cues to get a hold of the VTA-Nacc pathways increases (dopamine)
cocaine en sexual killing
anthony sowell used cocaine, which boosts dopamine. this can increase any sexual desires that are already there.
with a drug like cocaine you get an interaction between a sexual motivation and a drug motivation, and the incentive is strengtened by these two.
boredom and sexual killing
Joel Rifkin: low arousal -> more action sensations seeking -> dopamine involved, which can activate any sexual desires present
sexual motivation and attachment motivation are separated. we can feel both sexual and romantic feelings towards one person but they are separate systems. therefore they can be separate.
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hoe zitten die twee motivations bij sexual killers
alleen sexual motivation, often combined with anger/dominance.
relative development of the systems
system 1 is fast to develop, system 2 is slow to develop. therefore in adolescence there is a gap between the development. this leads to risky behaviours in teenagers. the inhibitory has not yet caught up with excititory. this is where they start with crimes, and then this keeps on going until they start with serial killing.
evolutionary theory of socialization
environment can be either uncertain and difficult: sexual development and reward becomes earlier. in an uncertain world, you never know what is coming next. so you need to mate quickly.
or certain and supportive: sexual development and reward becomes later
dus nog een keer relatie opioids and dopamine
low opioids is lower mood -> in order to control for this, dopamine goes up -> opioids up and mood goes up
if you are in a comfortable environment, prosocial behaviour gives you comfort. if you grow up in a hard environment, aggressive behaviour gives you comfort.
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sensory preconditioning
neurons that fire together wire together.
violence and cruelty merge together, when you think of one triggers the memory of the other.
