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Human Structure and Function > Lecture 42 - Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 42 - Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

 Secretes hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus into circulation
 Oxytocin
 Anti-directed hormone (ADH) (aka vasopressin)

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2
Q

anterior pituitary

A

 Hypophyseal portal system
 Hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus control release of hormone release from the anterior pituitary
 Hormones synthesized in anterior pituitary released into circulation to control hormone release from other glands

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3
Q

what are trophic hormones?

A

o Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary that stimulate hormone secretion from other glands (aka stimulating hormones – SH)

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4
Q

what are _trophs?

A

o Cells that secrete trophic hormones (anterior pituitary)

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5
Q

what is _statin?

A

Inhibiting hormone

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6
Q

the role of positive feedback amplification

A

o The stimulus evokes a reflex which enhances the stimulus
o Increases the signal to drive the reflex, thus amplifying response

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7
Q

the role of negative feedback regulation

A

o Self-regulating
o The stimulus which switches on the reflex evokes a response that alleviates the stimulus
o Activating the reflex restores the system to balance

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8
Q

Explain the role of binding proteins in circulation as important mediators in hormone delivery

A

o Binding proteins regulate the availability of steroid hormones for receptor binding
o Binding proteins can also compartmentalize steroid hormones

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9
Q

Binding proteins found in blood

A

o Albumin
o Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)
o Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)

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10
Q

Chromosomes in somatic cells

A

o Diploid cells
o 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46
o Each pair is homologous since contain similar genes in same order
o One member of each pair is from each parent
o 22 autosomal and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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11
Q

chromosomes in gametes

A

o Haploid cells
o Single set of chromosomes for a total of 23
o Produced by special type of division – meiosis

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12
Q

mitosis

A

o Cell division
o After division have diploid cell (2n chromosomes)
o Somatic cell

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13
Q

meiosis

A

o Gamete formation
o After meiosis haploid cell (n chromosomes)
o Gamete cell (sperm or ovum)

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14
Q

meiosis - sperm

A

o Four daughter cells

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15
Q

meiosis - ovum

A

o Single ovum
o + 3 polar bodies (functionally redundant)

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16
Q

spermatogenesis

A

o Spermatogonia – diploid germ cell
o Undergoes mitosis to produce two daughter cells
 Cell 1 (type A) remains a germ cell
 Cell 2 (type B) undergoes spermatogenesis

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17
Q

on set of sperm production

A

puberty

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18
Q

oogenesis

A

o Begins during fetal development
o Fetal period = Oogonium
o Childhood (no development)
o Puberty to menopause each mouth

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19
Q

oogonium

A

o Mitotic division during fetal period
o 7 million daughter cells (decreases to 2 million – known as atresia)
o 12-25 weeks = meiosis begins (development of primary oocyte)
o 14-36 weeks = primary follicle forms, arrested meiosis (prophase 1, sister chromatids)

20
Q

oogenesis - puberty

A

o FSG stimulates oogenesis to restart
o Primary oocyte develops to secondary oocyte (meiosis I completes, haploid cell)
o Ovulation
o Fertilization (meiosis II completed post fertilization)

21
Q

describe the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis

A

o Regulated by the interplay of GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, inhibin and other factors. This system ensures continuous production of sperm cells in the testes and maintenance of male reproductive function.

22
Q

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

o Release of GnRH from hypothalamus begins the process of spermatogenesis
o Released every 60-90 mins
o Stimulates anterior pituitary to release two important hormones (FSH and LH)

23
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

o Released by anterior pituitary
o Stimulates Sertoli cells, which provide physical and nutritional support to developing sperm cells

24
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

o Released from anterior pituitary
o Acts of Leydig cells, which produce testosterone

25
Q

Testosterone

A

o Primary male sex hormone
o Stimulates the growth and development of the seminiferous tubules and promotes division of spermatogonia cells into primary spermatocytes
o Also influences the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males

26
Q

Inhibin

A

o Hormone produced by Sertoli cells in testes
o Functions as a negative feedback regulator of FSH secretion

27
Q

sperm maturation and transport

A

o Sperm cells undergo maturation and storage in the epididymis, where they gain the ability to swim and fertilize an egg

28
Q

sperm release

A

When sexual arousal and stimulation occur, the hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary to release a surge of LH, which stimulates the final stages of sperm development and triggers sperm release (ejaculation) from the epididymis into the vas deferens.

29
Q

Maintenance of testosterone levels

A

o Spermatogenesis is most active when testosterone levels are within normal physiological range
o Hormonal regulation of testosterone production is a complex feedback loop with GnRH, LH and inhibin playing important roles.

30
Q

cells of the follicle

A

o Granulosa cells
o Basement membrane
o Thecal cells

31
Q

thecal cells

A

o Secrete androgen – precursor to estrogen production
o LH hormone sensitive

32
Q

granulosa cells

A

o Secrete oestrogen (analogous to Sertoli cells in testes)
o FSH sensitive
o As granulosa cells proliferate the oestrogen contraction in blood increases

33
Q

dominance

A

o Single follicle matures for ovulation
o It can take several months

34
Q

Negative feedback regulation of oestrogen secretion

A

o As follicles proliferate oestrogen secretion increases
o Oestrogen negative feedback regulation of FSH and GnRH secretion
o Decreased FSH  arrest or atresia of follicles, selection of dominate follicles

35
Q

ovulation

A

o Triggered by a surge in LH
o Positive feedback amplification – oestrogen concentration above a certain threshold triggers surge in gonadotropin (FSH/LH) release

36
Q

post ovulation

A

o Formation of the corpus luteum
o Granulosa and thecal cells used
o Corpus luteum secretes progesterone

37
Q

daily release of LH and GnRH

A

o GnRH pulses throughout the day and results in burst of LH release through the day and thus throughout the month

38
Q

As estrogen concentrations in blood increase, the amount of LH release per burst:

A

o Increases
o During normal menstrual cycle, estrogen surges just prior to LH surge

39
Q

Recognize and explain the relationship between the ovarian and uterine cycles

A

o Closely linked through hormone signalling
o Estrogen produced by developing follicles in ovaries stimulates proliferation of uterine lining (proliferative phase)
o Progesterone produced by corpus luteum in ovaries maintains endometrial lining and prepares it for implantation (secretory phase)
o Hormonal changes in ovaries triggers corresponding changes in the uterus, ensuring that the uterine lining is receptive to a potential fertilized egg

40
Q

ovarian cycle

A

follicular phase
luteal phase

41
Q

uterine cycle

A

o Menstrual phase
o Proliferative phase
o Secretory phase

42
Q

Two zones of endometrium

A

o Functional zone
o Basilar zone

43
Q

pregnancy and implantation - hCG

A

hCG sustains the corpus luteum

44
Q

menopause

A

o fewer ovarian follicle
o decreased oestrogen secretion
o impaired proliferation phase
o no uterine cycle
o no FSH/LH inhibition

45
Q

LH and FSH levels in females throughout life

A

o At Menopause, female oocyte depletion and oocyte insensitivity to gonadotropins (LH and FSH) results in a decrease of follicular estrogen and progesterone release.
o Falls in serum oestrogen and progesterone results in a loss of negative feedback inhibition of GnRH/LH/FSH.
o Produces a dysregulation of gonadotropes

Human Structure and Function (51 decks)

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