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VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 > Lecture 44 4/29/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 44 4/29/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of the eyelids?

A

-upper and lower eyelids
-above and below the palpebral fissures
-lateral and medial fissures
-haired skin on the outside

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2
Q

What are the Meibomian glands?

A

sebaceous glands in the eyelids that contribute to the tear film

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the conjunctiva?

A

-skin transitions to conjunctiva at the eyelid margin
-conjunctiva transitions to corneal epithelium at the limbus
-bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva

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4
Q

What is the limbus?

A

transition between the clear and white parts of the eye

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the conjunctival epithelium?

A

-stratified columnar to stratified squamous
-contains goblet cells
-goblet cells contribute to tear film

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the third eyelid?

A

-aka nictitating membrane
-cartilage core
-lined by palpebral conjunctiva on eyelid side
-lined by bulbar conjunctiva on globe side

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the lacrimal gland?

A

-associated with third eyelid
-mucous and serous components

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue?

A

-immune cells closely associated with the conjunctival epithelium
-diffuse unencapsulated
-involved in antigen detection

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9
Q

What are the three tunics of the globe?

A

-fibrous tunic
-vascular tunic
-nervous tunic

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of the fibrous tunic?

A

-forms the outside of the globe
-cornea forms the front
-sclera forms the back

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11
Q

What is the corneal epithelium?

A

non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the corneal stroma?

A

-contains keratocytes
-layers of collagen
-avascular
-highest concentration of nerves in the body

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the sclera?

A

-consists of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels
-can contain cartilage or bone in birds and fish

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the pupil?

A

-empty space bordered by the iris
-changes shape and size

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the uvea?

A

-part of the vascular tunic
-comprised of anterior uvea and posterior uvea

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16
Q

What are the components of the anterior uvea?

A

-iris
-ciliary body

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17
Q

What is the main component of the posterior uvea?

A

choroid

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of the iris?

A

-colored part
-muscles contract and relax to change pupil size/shape

19
Q

Which structures can be found within the iris?

A

-fibroblasts
-collagen
-melanocytes
-blood vessels
-lymphatics
-nerves
-muscles
-epithelium (posterior)

20
Q

Which muscles are present within the iris?

A

-sphincter muscle (closer to pupil)
-dilator muscle

21
Q

What are the characteristics of the ciliary processes?

A

-two layers of epithelium
–pigmented deeper layer and unpigmented upper layer
–continuous with epithelium on posterior surface of iris
-makes the aqueous humor

22
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

ultrafiltrate of the blood used to nourish the eye

23
Q

What are the characteristics of the zonule fibers?

A

-arise from ciliary body and attach to margins of lens
-contraction of ciliary body muscles adjusts shape for lens for focusing

24
Q

What are the characteristics of the lens?

A

-held in place by zonule fibers
-avascular
-nourished by aqueous humor

25
Q

What are the layers surrounding the lens?

A

-lens capsule (outer)
-lens epithelial cells (inner; anterior side only)

26
Q

What is the lens bow?

A

lens epithelial cells migrate inwards and lose organelles as they continue to proliferate

27
Q

Why does the lens get denser with age?

A

lens fibers are continually made and laid down on top of each other

28
Q

What are the characteristics of the posterior lens?

A

-no lens epithelial cells
-thin lens capsule

29
Q

What is a cataract?

A

-any opacity in the lens
-disruption of normal lens fiber arrangement

30
Q

What are the characteristics of the anterior chamber?

A

-space behind cornea and in front of iris leaflets
-contains aqueous humor

31
Q

What are the characteristics of the posterior chamber?

A

-space behind iris leaflets and in front of the front half of the lens
-contains aqueous humor

32
Q

What is the iridocorneal angle?

A

where aqueous humor flows out of the eye

33
Q

What is the pectinate ligament?

A

anterior margin of the iridocorneal angle

34
Q

What is the path of aqueous humor through the iridocorneal angle and beyond?

A

-iridocorneal angle
-trabecular meshwork
-angular aqueous plexus
-scleral plexus

35
Q

What is the normal eye pressure?

A

aqueous humor produced by ciliary body - aqueous humor lost through outflow

36
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

obstruction to aqueous humor outflow

37
Q

What are the characteristics of the vitreous chamber?

A

-aka “posterior compartment”
-filled with gelatinous, transparent vitreous humor
-vitreous humor helps hold lens and retina in place

38
Q

What are the characteristics of the retina?

A

-nervous tunic
-composed of photosensitive retina, pigmented retinal epithelium, and non-pigmented retinal epithelium

39
Q

What is the function of photoreceptors?

A

sense the light coming into the eye

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the retinal pigmented epithelium?

A

-cuboidal
-eats and interacts with photoreceptor outer segments
-not always pigmented in animals

41
Q

Where are retinal blood vessels found, if present?

A

-always within the inner retina
-can be within or on top of the retina

42
Q

What is the role of the choroid?

A

nourish the retina

43
Q

What is the role of the tapetum lucidum?

A

reflects the light that has just passed through the retina to restimulate retinal photoreceptor cells and enhance night vision

44
Q

How does the tapetum lucidum differ between carnivores and herbivores?

A

carnivores: tapetum cellulosum with brick-shaped cells
herbivores: tapetum fibrosum with regularly arranged collagen

VMP824 Physiology/Microanatomy 2 (50 decks)

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