Lecture 5 Flashcards
Chapter 10 & 11 (81 cards)
What are the 3 basic types of ocean carriers?
- Private fleets;
- Tramps (chartered or leased vessels);
- Liner carriers
What are the cargo types?
- Bulk Cargo
- Break-bulk
- Neo-bulk
- Project cargo
- Container Cargo
Describe the bulk cargo
“Cargo is said to be stowed in bulk when it is stowed loose instead of being first packed in containers.”
Bulk cargoes are those that can be air-blown, pumped, conveyored, belted, or generally handled in bulk rather than in discrete units. They include petroleum products, grain, sand, gravel, dry chemicals, and bulk liquids.
Describe the break-bulk
– Is the other type of cargo, also called general, or packaged, cargo.
– It has high value per unit of weight, is usually manufactured or processed
– It moves by number or count. This moves in smaller quantities than bulk cargo, and usually on liner vessels that travel on regularly scheduled routes between ports.
Break-bulk cargoes are generally cargoes that are conventionally stevedored and stowed as opposed to bulk, unitized and containerized cargoes. Examples are peas, beans, lentils, machinery, yachts and some wood products such as newsprint, pulp and linerboard.
Describe the neo-bulk
– Cargo has some characteristics of bulk and some characteristics of break-bulk cargo. It is usually worth more on a per-kilo basis and it often moves on specialized ocean vessels. The two best known examples are new automobiles and logs.
Neo-bulk cargoes, though historically classified as general cargoes, move in volume, usually on specialized or dedicated vessels. Examples include autos, steel, logs, and livestock.
Describe the project cargo
– Not a specific type of item but related cargo needed for a single, certain purpose. Hence, if a contractor were rebuilding a structure in Kuwait or a portion of a major pipeline, the various materials that were to be obtained from outside the local area would be scheduled, purchased, consolidated at various ports, and shipped as needed.
Describe the container cargo
– Use of standardised containers for intermodal shipment. Generally the preferred
method for import and export! Why?
What types of cargo are non containerized?
Non containerized cargo consists of bulk, neobulk, and break- bulk cargoes
What type of goods can be transported in break bulk?
Sacks, cartons, crates, drums, pallets, bags
What type of goods can be transported in Neo-bulk?
lumber, paper, steel, autos
What type of goods can be transported in containerized bulk?
containers, lift on/lift off (Lo/Lo), roll on/roll of (Ro/Ro)
What type of goods can be transported in liquid bulk (one of 2 bulk cargos)?
LNG, petroleum, molasses, chemicals, vegetable oil
What type of goods can be transported in dry bulk (2nd of 2 bulk cargos)?
grain, sand & gravel, scrap metal, coal/coke, clinker, fertilizer
In what measure is expressed vessels’ size?
Tonnage (eventually exterior dimensions, but less often)
What is Deadweight Tonnage (dwt)?
It is the most frequently used measure the size of a ship (this is the sum of the tons of cargo, stores, and fuel a vessel can carry)
What does ‘Gross Tonnage’ mean?
It means the measure of the overall size of a ship.
Previously is defined as the number of units of 100 cubic feet of permanently enclosed space in the ship, leaving out “exempted spaces” like double-bottom and peak tanks.
What does ‘Net Tonnage’ mean?
It means the measure of the useful capacity of a ship- it is a gross tonnage minus spaces that cannot earn revenue, such as the engine room. Gross tonnage applies to vessels, and is often used to compare the relative sizes of various nation’s fleets.
What does ‘Measurement Ton’ mean and to what type of cargo it is applied?
This term applies to liner cargo and is a role stating that cargo should also be measured to determine its cube, and every cubic meter should be counted as one ton, and if the vessel may collect more revenue using this rule, it will. This rule has considerable influence on product and packaging design.
What are the different vessel types?
Tankers
* LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) Carriers
* Ore and Bulk Carriers
* Combination (Oil and Dry- Bulk) Carriers
* General Cargo Vessels
* Neo-bulk Carriers
* Combined Passenger/Cargo Ships
* Other Ocean Vessel Types
* Short Sea Shipping
* FastShips
* Barges
What percentage of the world fleet is ‘flagged out’ and what does it mean?
73%. It means that the nationality of the vessel’s owner was different from the flag under which the vessel was registered. In other words, for almost three out of every four dwt (deadweight tonnage), ship owners chose a flag different from their own nationality.
What about the rest of the percentage of the ships that weren’t ‘flagged out’?
27 per cent are kept under the national flag because either the owner considered the national flag competitive in terms of costs and services provided, or he may not have had a choice, as is often the case for government cargo and cabotage traffic
What are flags of convenience?
A flag of convenience ship is one that flies the flag of a country other than the country of ownership
What does it mean for workers if they work on the flags of convenience ship?
For workers onboard, this can mean:
– very low wages
– poor on-board conditions
– inadequate food and clean drinking water
– long periods of work without proper rest, leading to stress and fatigue
What benefits do ship owners get from ‘flagging out’ their ship?
By ‘flagging out’, ship owners can take advantage of:
– minimal regulation
– cheap registration fees
– low or no taxes
– freedom to employ cheap labour from the global labour market
