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Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal Cord General

  1. Function
  2. Reliance on Brain
  3. Pathway for what?
A
  1. Link brain and body
  2. Exhibits some functional independence from brain
  3. Sensory and motor impulses, reflexes.
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2
Q

Spinal Cord Development

  1. Developts from what layer of tissue?
  2. See Study Sheet #1 and Label A, B, C, D, E
  3. Function of the notocord?
A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. A = neural plate, B = notocord, C = neural tube, D = neural crest cells, E = epidermis
  3. Induce neuroectoderm to form neural tube
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3
Q

Spinal Cord Development

  1. Gray matter: location and what it is
  2. White matter: location and what it is
A
  1. In the center of the spinal cord, makes up horns. It is a concentration of cell bodies.
  2. Surrounds gray matter, is axons.
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4
Q

Spinal Cord Development

  1. See Sheet #2 and label A - G
A
  1. A = Dorsal alar plate, B = Ventral basal plate, C = central canal, D = ependymal layer, E = mantle, F = marginal layer, G - sulcus minitans
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5
Q

Spinal Cord General

  1. Dorsal Pathway carries what type of information?
  2. Ventral Pathway carries what type of information?
A
  1. Sensory
  2. Motor
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6
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy

  1. See sheet # 3 and label A - F
A
  1. A = Central canal, B = dorsal gray column (horn), C = tracts (white matter), D = lateral gray column (horn), E = ventral gray column (horn), F = tracts (white matter)
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7
Q

Spinal Cord Development

  1. See # 4 and label A -
A
  1. A = Central cavity, B = Neuroepithelial cells, C = gray matter, D = white matter, E = Alar plate, F = Basal plate, G = dorasl root ganglia
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8
Q

Spinal Cord Development

  1. Dorsal root ganglia form from?
  2. Briefly review the development of sensory neurons in the alar plate.
  3. Briefly review the development of motor neurons in the basal plate.
A
  1. Crest cells
  2. This is all sensory information. As crest cells in this area develop into dorsal root ganglia, they send projections to the body and to the spinal cord to act as information relays.
  3. The motor neurons in the basal plate just send out projections to the body. They do not need to grow into the spinal cord because they don’t need any information coming back to the spine.
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9
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: General

  1. General shape
  2. Two enlargements
  3. # of spinal nerves
A
  1. Long flattened cylinder
  2. Cervical in the neck and lumbar in the thoracic region
  3. 31
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10
Q

Spinal Cord Development

  1. General CNS structure at 49 days after fertilization
  2. General CNS structures at 3 months old
A
  1. Brain is sectioned
  2. Two enlargements visible, spinal cord vs brain is distinguishable, most CNS-body neuronal connections are in place
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11
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Cervical Region

  1. What is the defining part of this region?
  2. What are the two parts of this and what do they do?
A
  1. Cervical enlargement
  2. Cervical plexus: innervates the neck, Brachial plexus: innervates the should and upper limbs
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12
Q

Anatomy of the Sinal Cord: Thoracic Region

  1. Thoracic sympathetic outflow (very general)
  2. Intercostal nerves: what are they?
A
  1. involves leteral horns of the spinal cord
  2. Long single pairs of spinal nerves that go between ribs from the spinal cord
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13
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Lumbar Region

  1. Lumbar sympathetic outflow
  2. Lumbosacral enlargement: two components and what they do.
A
  1. Will be covered in the future, just wanted to include it on this card.
  2. Lumbar plexus and Sacral plexus merge together to innervate glutes and lower limbs
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14
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Sacral Region

  1. Sacral parasympathetic outflow
A
  1. Comes from cranial nerves and a small sacral part of the spinal cord. Just know that this exists.
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15
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Meningeal Coverings

  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia matter
A
  1. Outermost layer, durable
  2. Middle layer, closely adhered to the dura mater
  3. Directly against spinal cord tissue
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16
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Meningeal Coverings

  1. What does the pia mater consist of?
  2. Function of one of those?
A
  1. Denticulate ligaments and Filum terminalis
  2. The Denticulate ligament is a projection of pia mater that anchors the spinal cord
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17
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Meningitis

  1. Results from
  2. Symptom related to this lecture
A
  1. Inflammation of the linings of brain and spinal cord
  2. Stiff neck
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18
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Spaces Between Meninges

  1. Space between dura and arachnoid mater
  2. Space between arachnoid and pia mater
  3. Where is CSF found?
A
  1. Subdural space
  2. Subarachnoid space
  3. Subarachnoid space
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19
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Processes

  1. Anterior Rootlets: location and what they converge on
  2. Posterior Rootlets: location and what they converge on.
A
  1. In ventral part of the spinal cord, converge on the ventral root.
  2. Dorsal to the anterior rootlets, come out of dorsal portion of spinal cord. Converge on the dorsal root ganglion. Involved in sensory information
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20
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Processes

  1. Four processes of the spinal nerve
A
  1. Anterior ramus, posterior ramus, gray rami rami communicantes, white rami communicantes
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21
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

  1. What is the difference between roots and rami?
A
  1. Roots only contain EITHER motor OR sensory neurons. Rami contain both.
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22
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Other Features

  1. Conus Medularis
  2. Cauda Equina
  3. Epidurals
A
  1. Forms a little point, off of which you have the cauda equina. It is located between L1 and L2
  2. After the conus medularis, this is where spinal nerves splay out like a horses tail.
  3. Best done beneath the conus medularis (L2). So most epidurals are done between L3 and L4
23
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Other Features

  1. Filum terminale
A
  1. A pia mater structure that goes down the length of the spinal cord and anchors in the base of the sacrum.
24
Q

Anatomy of the Spinal Cord: Differential Growth of Spinal Column and Spinal Cord

  1. How does spinal cord growth vs spinal column growth impact the anatomy of adults vs newborns?
  2. What are the clinical implications of this?
A
  1. The location of the Conus Medullaris in a newborn is lower than it is in an adult. It will recess cranially in adults.
  2. If you ever needed to do a CSF withdrawal of a newborn, you would have to go lower than in an adult so as not to nick the spinal cord.
25
Lumbar Puncture 1. CSF is taken from where?
1. Outside of the Dura mater in the Epidural space
26
Spinal Cord Injuries 1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Caudus
1. Paralysis of major organ systems 2. Paralysis of lower abs, pelvic organs, lower body 3. Gaint difficulties 4. Gait and anything below knee difficulties
27
Spinal Nerves 1. Hypaxial 2. Epaxial
1. ventral to the spine 2. dorsal to the spine
28
Nerves 1. Afferent 2. Efferent
1. Towards CNS 2. Away from CNS
29
Spinal Nerves 1. CNS or PNS? 2. Link? 3. What types of impulses?
1. PNS 2. CNS and organ systems 3. Motor and sensory impulses
30
Spinal Nerves 1. Cluster of cell bodies in the CNS? 2. Cluster of cell bodies in the PNS?
1. Gray matter 2. Ganglion
31
Spinal Neves 1. Named for? 2. CN 1 comes out where? 3. When does the naming scheme for nerves switch from "above this bone" to "below this bone"
1. The vertebral region that they are associated with 2. below the occipetal bone 3. At the thoracic nerves.
32
Spinal Nerves 1. Name the nerves from top to bottom 2. Number of cervical spinal nerves vs vertebrae
1. C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5, Co 2. 8 spinal nerves, 7 vertebrae
33
Spinal Nerves 1. Where is the brachial plexus?
1. The lower part of the Cervical nerves
34
Spinal Nerves: Rami 1. In a general sense, what are these? 2. Which is thicker and larger? 3. Why is it larger? 4. What does the smaller one do? 5. Where are the rami in relation to the rootlets?
1. Dorsal and ventral branches that come right off of the spinal cord? 2. Ventral Ramus 3. It innervates a lareger area 4. Innervates a small strip along the back 5. It goes from spinal cord to rootlets, which then come together and become the spinal nerve. This all happens in a very short distance. From here, it branches out into the dorsal and ventram rami
35
Spinal Nerves 1. Look at #5 and label A-I
1. A = deep muscles of the back, B = epaxial branch, C = posterior ramus, D = anterior ramus, E = rami communicantes, F = sympathetic trunk ganglion, G = anterior root, H = posterior root, I = posterior root ganglion
36
Spinal Nerves 1. Dorsal Root carries what kind of information? 2. Ventral Root carries what kind of information? 3. Dorsal Ramus carries what kind of information? 4. Ventral Ramus carries what kind of information?
1. Sensory 2. Motor 3. Sensory and motor 4. Sensory and motor
37
Sympathetic Trunk 1. Connected to which regions? 2. Responsible for what? 3. Consists of what?
1. Connected to spinal cord in the Thoracic and Lumbar regions 2. Visceral motor (autonomic) and sympathetic responses 3. Gray and white rami communicantes
38
Referred Pain 1. What is it? 2. Ask if we will have to know this?
1. Pain in a particular organ system can manifest itself elsewhere in the body.
39
Dermatomes 1. What are these? 2. When are they established? 3. Myotome
1. Segmented areas on the body where _somatosensory_ can be traced back to a single pair of spinal nerve roots. 2. Embryonic development - 6 weeks 3. A group of muscles that is primarily innervated by the motor fibers of a single nerve root. The muscular analog to a dermatome.
40
Intercostal Nerves 1. What region of your spine are they in? 2. How many are there? 3. Where are they? 4. What nerve structure do they emerge from?
1. Thoracic 2. 11 intercostal and 1 subcostal 3. Between ribs 4. Anterior ramus
41
Spinal Nerve Plexuses 1. What are they? 2. "Named" nerves - location 3. Principal plexi: what are they 4. What are the other plexi?
1. A network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves 2. After interweaving, they split up into named nerves that innervate various body structures 3. They are the cervical plexi 4. Brachial, lumbar, and sacral
42
Spinal Nerves of the Cervical Plexus 1. Label the following Picture 2. Which nerves make up the cervical plexus?
1. Starting at the very bottom with #2: Phrenic nerve, subraclavicular nerves, branch to brachial plexus, superior and inferior roots of the ansa cervicalis, transverse cervical nerve, great auricular nerve, lesser occipital nerve, accessory nerve XI, hypoglossal nerve XII. 1 on the top right is the cervical plexus 2. C1 through C4
43
Spinal Nerves of the Brachial Plexus 1. Be able to label the attached picture 2. Which nerves make up the brachial plexus?
1. Starting at the bottom closest to the spinal cord and going clockwise: Long thoracic nerve, inferior trunk, thoracodorsal nerve, medial cord, ulnar nerve (rounding the bend now), radial nerve, axillary nerve, median nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, posterior cord, lateral cord, subcapular nerves, pectoral nerves, middle trunk, superior trunk, nerve to subclavius. 2. C5 through C8 and T1.
44
Spinal Nerves of the Brahial Plexus 1. See useful table
45
Spinal Nerves of the Brachial Plexus 1. Know order (this is alphabetically) of Branches, Cords, Divisions, Roots (aka ventral rami), and Trunks from spine out
1. Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Major terminal branches (aka peripheral nerves)
46
Spinal Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus 1. Be able to label the following picture 2. Consists of which spinal nerves? 3. What is special about L4?
1. From the bottom going up, Lumbosacral trunk, obturator nerve, femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, genitofemoral nerve, Ilioinguinal nerve, Iliohypogastric nerve 2. L1 through L4 3. It is considered both lumbra and sacral plexi
47
Spinal Nerves of the Sacral Plexus 1. Be able to label the attached picture 2. Which spinal nerves does this consist of?
1. Starting on the bottom and going up: Pudendal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, Sciatic nerve consisting of both the tibial division and the common fibular division, nere to piriformis, inferior gluteal nerve, superior gluteal nerve. 2. L4 - S4
48
Reflexes 1. What is a reflex? 2. 3 properties of a reflex? 3. Can they be suppressed?
1. Involuntary reaction of muscle or gland to a stimulus 2. requires stimulus, rapid response, autonomic response is the same every time 3. No! Usually not
49
Reflex Arc 1. What is it? 2. Where does it begin and end? 3. Communicates with what?
1. The neural wiring of a single reflex 2. Begins at a PNS receptor, ends at a peripheral effector (muscle or gland) cell. 3. Communicates with the CNS
50
Ipsilateral vs Contralateral Reflex Arcs 1. Ipsilateral 2. Contralateral
1. When the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spial cord 2. When the receptor and effector organs of the reflex are on the opposite side of the spial cord
51
Monosynaptic reflexes 1. The _______ of all reflexes 2. Are interneurons involved? 3. Example
1. Simplest 2. No interneurons! 3. Patellar reflex
52
Polysynaptic Reflexes 1. Difference from monosynaptic reflexes 2. Result of these differences 3. Example
1. More complex, involve multiple synapses and involve interneurons 2. Prolonged delay between stimulus and response 3. Withdrawal of hand when touching hot surface
53
Stretch Reflexes 1. # of synapses 2. Function 3. What is it? 4. Example
1. Monosynaptic 2. Regulates skeletal muscle length 3. When a stimulus results in the stretching of a muscle, that muscle reflexively contracts 4. Patellar reflex test
54
Golgi Tendon Reflex 1. Prevents 2. Golgi tendon organs 3. Result of activation
1. muscles from tensing excessively 2. Nerve endings within tendons near a muscle. Activation signals interneurons in the spinal cord, which inhibits the actions of motor neurons 3. Signals the associated muscle to relax and protect the muscle and tendon from excessive tension damage

Anatomy (6 decks)

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