Lecture 5+6

Question 1

The cerebral cortex functions

Answer 1

function: 
sensory processing 
cognition + language 
motor function 
attention 
personality 
consciousness

Question 2

gyri vs sulci?

Answer 2

gyri = ‘hills’

sulci = ‘valleys’

have these to pack more neurons in the cranium

Question 3

central sulcus

Answer 3

separate’s the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 4

Lateral or Sylvain fissure

Answer 4

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Question 5

parieto-occipital sulcus

Answer 5

separates the occipital lobe from the parietal and temporal lobes

Question 6

gyri and sulci of the occipital lobe

Answer 6

lateral view:
lateral occipital gyri (superior and inferior occ. gyri)

medial view: 
calcarine sulcus (divides cuneus and lingual)

Question 7

gyri and sulci of temporal lobe

Answer 7

lateral view:
superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus

superior (near Wernicke’s area)

superior and middle temporal sulcus

inferior view:
Parahipocampal Gyrus (Limbic Lobe)
collateral sulcus

Question 8

where is the primary auditory cortex

Answer 8

Transverse temporal Gyrus of Heschl (Area 41)

Question 9

where is Wernicke’s area

Answer 9

Planum temporale & posterior portion of the superior

temporal gyrus

Question 10

function of insular lobe

Answer 10

autonomic function
gastric secretions
emotions
self-referential cognition

Question 11

gyri and sulci of frontal lobe

Answer 11

superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (contains Broca’s area)

precentral gyrus (motor cortex) 
central sulcus

Question 12

Brodmann areas (BA)

Answer 12

Parcellates the cortex based
on cytoarchitectonic (i.e. cell organization)

Question 13

BA 3,2,1

Answer 13

somatosensory cortex or postcental gyrus

Question 14

BA 4

Answer 14

primary motor cortex (precentral cortex)

Question 15

BA 44,45

Answer 15

pars opercularis, pars triangularis = together represent Broca’s area (language production)

Question 16

BA 22

Answer 16

Posterior portion overlaps with Wernicke’s area (language comprehension)

Question 17

BA 17

Answer 17

primary visual cortex

Question 18

gyri and sulci of parietal lobe

Answer 18

postcentral gyrus (somatosensory)

submarginal gyrus (spatial awareness)

angular gyrus (computing, spelling, attention)

Question 19

Commissures of medial surface

Answer 19

anterior: interconnects olfactory bulbs and temporal poles
posterior: pupillary light reflex and eye movements

Question 20

fornix

Answer 20

commissurized band of white matter that interconnects the hippocampus and the mammillary bodiesof the hypothalamus (memory)

Question 21

communication between PNS and CNS

Answer 21

corticospinal (lateral): motor

dorsal column- medial lemniscus system: sensory

anterolateral system: sensory

Question 22

adverse effects of increased ICP? norm ICP?

Answer 22

symptoms: 
nausea 
increased BP
bradycardia
papilledema (excess secretion of CSF) 

normal = 5-15 mm hg

Question 23

causes of increasing BBB permeability

Answer 23

hypertension
hyperosmolarity
infection
trauma/ ischemia/ inflammation

Question 24

Noncommunicating (obstructive) hydrocephalus

Answer 24

obstruction of the right interventricular foramen

obstruction of cerebral aqueduct

Question 25

Congenital Hydrocephalus

Answer 25

noncommunicating obstruction of cerebral aqueduct

Question 26

hydrocephalus (imaging)

Answer 26

brain tissue will atrophy; increase ventricle size

Question 27

communicating hydrocephalus

Answer 27

impaired absorption of the CSF (arachnoid villi) | enlargement of all the ventricles

Question 28

communicating hydrocephalus (imaging)

Answer 28

episodic increase in ICP distorted brain tissue; all ventricles expanded normally in the elderly

Question 29

brain edema: vasogenic and cytotoxic

Answer 29

``` vasogenic: increased capillary permeability white matter with proteins compromised BBB brain tumor, abscess, trauma, hemorrhage ``` ``` cytotoxic: cellular swelling gray and white matter normal BBB hypoxia, water intoxication, ischemia ```

Question 30

Cingulate sulcus

Answer 30

separates the limbic lobe

Question 31

corticospinal tract (lateral)

Answer 31

motor comprised of upper motor neurons voluntary control (synapse with lower motor neurons) CNS to PNS

Question 32

diagnostic abnormalities of the CSF

Answer 32

seen to have increased proteins in all abnormalities viral infections usually have lower glucose all abnormalities usually have more cells present