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Pysc Term 2 > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things human development researchers study?

A

Physical development
Cognitive development
social-emotional development

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2
Q

Study different age groups at the same point in time
Finds age-related differences
Advantages: quick, inexpensive
includes cohort effects

A

cross sectional design

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3
Q

Study same people over time at various ages
Advantages: real age-related change
Disadvantages: costly, time consuming; selective attrition (participant dropout)
includes history effects

A

longitudinal design

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4
Q

design to address problem of history and cohort effects

studies 2-3 age groups over a long period of time

A

Longitudinal- sequential design

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5
Q

The three stages of the developing fetus

A

Germinal stage
Embryonic
Fetal stages

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6
Q

How long is the germinal stage?

A

conception to 2 weeks

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7
Q

how long is the embryonic stage?

A

2 weeks to 8 weeks

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8
Q

how long is the fetal stage

A

8 weeks on

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9
Q

in the germinal stage, what happens 36 hours after conception?

A

cell starts rapidly dividing

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10
Q

multi cellular organism that evolves from the single cell in the germinal stage

A

blastocyst

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11
Q

What is the risk of a blastocyst not implanting to the uterine wall

A

30-50%

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12
Q

what is the baby called in the embryonic stage?

A

an embryo

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13
Q

what happens during the embryonic stage?

A

the baby’s major organs begin developing

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14
Q

What is the major distinction between embryonic and fetal stage

A

formation of bone cells

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15
Q

When is the fetal heartbeat usually first detected?

A

8-12 weeks after conception

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16
Q

what happens (in terms of baby’s growth) during the fetal stage?

A

Major organs finish developing

baby increases rapidly in size

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17
Q

What is the peak of neural growth during the fetal stage?

A

neural growth rate: 3 million neurons/ minute at peak

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18
Q

On what day, during the germinal stage, does the blastocyst travel down the Fallopian tube to attach to the uterine wall

A

on the 7th day

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19
Q

When do most abnormalities/ birth defects occur during development? Why?

A

The fetus is very susceptible to birth defects during the embryonic and fetal stages because this is when all the major organs are developing

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20
Q

What percentage is the weight of the baby’s head when first born, compared to adult head weight

A

25% of adult weight

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21
Q

Infant’s body when born: ____ adult weight

A

5% adult weight

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22
Q

: the process where neurons move from one part of the brain to their permanent; during the 3rd to the 5th month of pregnancy

A

neural migration

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23
Q

what, during development, increases the risk of psychological disorders

A

Prenatal exposure to certain toxins or viruses can increase the risk of psychological disorders

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24
Q

When are fetus movements usually first detectable?

A

4-6 months after conception

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25
When can the mother first feel the baby moving?
16 weeks after conception
26
Generally, are female or males more active during pregnancy?
males
27
After the formation of ____, the embryo begins to move
nervous system
28
Neurons connecting brain to ear are complete ________ after conception
18 weeks
29
Babies can start responding to sound around___________
26 weeks
30
Do babies have any preference to voices? How do we know?
mother's voice - Slowed heart rate indicates attention. Interest and orienting response - Rather than fast heart rate which indicates fear or distress
31
How long can babies retain sounds for after birth?
4 months
32
what do studies show about babies' sense of taste in the womb?
Studies indicate taste preferences may start in the womb
33
_______ is/are present in the mothers amniotic fluid that influences taste after birth?
taste and odor chemicals
34
What flavours do premature babies favour
sweet flavours
35
How many weeks after conception do fetus' taste buds resemble adults?
13-15 weeks
36
What is the least well developed sense of a fetus?
vision
37
How well is the sense of hearing developed by the time of birth?
almost as good as adults at birth
38
Do fetuses open their eyes
no
39
what do people/fetuses need in order to develop sight?
light
40
Is there anything particular about the type of sight babies' have after birth?
they are near sighted, cannot see anything unless its very close to them
41
When are babies' sight comparable to that of an adult
6 months after birth
42
the process by which events in the womb alter development of physical and psychological health
prenatal programming
43
substances that can disrupt normal prenatal development and cause life-long deficits
teratogens
44
When can abnormalities in the Nervous System start?
after 19 days
45
The risk of what disorders are increased when the mother is malnourished during her pregnancy?
schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder
46
iron deficiency in mothers diet can predisposed newborn to ________________________________________
anemia, red blood cell count, cognitive impairment, motor deficiencies and poor emotional functioning
47
pregnancy sickness that may be a built-in body toxin detector
morning sickness
48
when is morning sickness the worst? why?
- during the first three months | - because babies' major organs are developing and most susceptible to teratogens
49
what types of food are the worst for morning sickness?
Foods that are susceptible to mould (cheese, mushrooms) and coffee
50
Why are certain foods worse for morning sickness vs other foods?
possibly because they could cause birth defects
51
Substances and chemicals that come from the external environment also have an impact on fetal and infant development
teratogens
52
What are some known teratogens?
prescription drugs, alcohol, radiation, viruses
53
When do viruses have the most impact during development?
during the early stages of pregnancy
54
If the woman gets the flu during ____ months in pregnancy→ increased risk of schizophrenia for child later in life
4-6 months
55
a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure that causes multiple problems, like brain damage and intellectual disability
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
56
What can FASD cause?
Causes damage to central NS; low birth weight; abnormalities in face, joints, head and heart; intellectual disability; behavioral problems
57
In Canada what are the stats on FASD?
In Canada 9/1000 babies has FASD, or 3000 babies a year
58
Prenatal exposure to nicotine can interfere with what? Increases risk for what?
can interfere with oxygen supply to fetus | Nicotine exposure increases risk for premature and low-weight birth, and stillbirths
59
If a woman smokes during pregnancy, her child's risk for what doubles
Risk of child developing bipolar disorder later in life doubles
60
Is caffeine consumption during pregnancy a bad thing?
Caffeine consumption during pregnancy | --> Studies have mixed results
61
Caffeine consumption of ___ is linked to _____
300 mg or 3 cups is linked to increased miscarriage risk and low-birth weight
62
Antidepressants Zoloft and Prozac can cause what if a pregnant woman consumes them during pregnancy?
respiratory problems, increased risk of premature birth, and short lasting effects on motor development

Pysc Term 2 (6 decks)

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