lecture 5

Question 1

how do Deuterostomes differ from Protostomes (2)? what do they have in common (2)?

Answer 1

Differ:
Deuterostomes have enterocoelom and radial cleavage.
Protostomes have schizocoelom.

In common:
tissues, bilateral symmetry

Question 2

what organ system is unique to echinoderms, and what is its function?

Answer 2

water vascular system, which operates the tube feet that are used for locomotion and/or feeding

Question 3

what does Echinodermata have in common with Cnidaria (3 things but number one is most NB)? why are they in separate lineages (2 reasons)?

Answer 3

In common:

1. adults are radially symmetrical
2. tissue
3. both reproduce sexually and asexually

Separated:
#Cnidaria= radial symmetry and diploblastic 
# Echinodermata=bilateral symmetry in juvenile and triploblastic

Question 4

what morphological feature is common to the hemichordates and chordates?

Answer 4

Both Hemichordata and Chordata contain pharyngeal gill slits.

Question 5

what are the key morphological characteristics of the chordates separating the, from other deuterostomes?

Answer 5

1. dorsal hollow nerve cord
2. perforated pharynx
3. notochord
4. segmented body wall muscles

Question 6

what 3 phyla do deuterostomes include?

Answer 6

1. Echinodermata
2. Hemichordata
3. Chordata

Question 7

schizocoelom vs enterocoelom

Answer 7

Both true coelom just form differently.

Schizocoelom: mesodermal cells separate and create cavity between them, lined by mesoderm

Enterocoelom: mesodermal cells form as outpockets from embryonic gut

Question 8

what does the notochord do

Answer 8

supports the invertebrate/embryo from head to tail

Question 9

5 groups Echinoderms

examples

Answer 9

1. Asteroidea (sea stars)
2. ophiuroidea (brittle and basket stars)
3. crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
4. Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
5. holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Question 10

3 characteristics unique to vertebrates

Answer 10

1. internal skeleton
2. neural crest cells
3. brain

Question 11

2 facts about asteroidea (sea stars)

Astero-idea

Answer 11

1. central disk, 5 -20 radiating ‘arms’

2. NB predators

Question 12

a fact about ophiuroidea (brittle and basket stars)

Op-Hi-Uro-Idea

Answer 12

central disk and long, slender arms that are sometimes branched

Question 13

2 facts about Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)

Crino-idea

Answer 13

1. upward pointing mouth surrounded to 5 or a 100 arms

2. filter feeders

Question 14

a facts about Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dolars)

Echino-idea

Answer 14

1. lack arms; most have moveable spines extending from solid tests

Question 15

a fact about Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Holo-Thuro-idea

Answer 15

1. long, soft and fleshy body with a tough, leathery covering

Question 16

common name for hemichordata

Answer 16

acorn worms

Question 17

what structures distinguish vertebrates from invertebrate chordates? 2

Answer 17

1. vertebrates have an internal bony skeleton, including a cranium and vertebral column in most groups,
2. structures derived from neural crest cells

Question 18

how does a perforated pharynx enable hemichordates to acquire food and oxygen from sea water?

Answer 18

water enters the pharynx of a hemichordate through its mouth, and exits the pharynx through the branchial slits. The animal extracts oxygen and particular food from the water as it passes through the pharynx

Question 19

function of notochord

Answer 19

supports the invertebrate/embryo from head to tail

Question 20

function of segmental muscles in the body wall and tail

Answer 20

allows each muscle block to contract independently

Question 21

common name of a cephalopoda

Answer 21

lancelets

Question 22

2 characteristics of lancelets

Answer 22

1. long body =pointed at both ends

2. sediment dweller

Question 23

common name for urochordata

Answer 23

tunicates (sea squirts)

Question 24

tunicates undergo major modification to their chordate characters when they changes from……..

Answer 24

swimming larvae (possessing chordate features) to sessile adults

Question 25

when tunicates become sessile adults what major modification to chordate characters do they undergo?2

Answer 25

1. secrete gelatinous 'tunic' | 2. filter feeder via perforated pharynx

Question 26

a perforated pharynx is composed of 2 things

Answer 26

1. gill arches | 2. pharyngeal slits

Question 27

3 characteristics unique to vertebrates

Answer 27

1. internal skeleton-cranium 2. neural crest cells 3. brain

Question 28

purpose of the internal skeleton of vertebrates 2

Answer 28

1. provide structural support for muscles. | 2. enable most vertebrates to move rapidly through the environment

Question 29

what is bone and which group is it lost from

Answer 29

a connective tissue in which living cells secrete the materialized matrix that surrounds them. lost by chondrichthyes

Question 30

the skeleton is divided into 2 parts and what does each include

Answer 30

1. axial skeleton- cranium, vertebral columns, ribs and sternum (breast bones) 2. appendicular skeleton- bones of appendages

Question 31

vertebral column is made up of individual vertebrae what is the purpose of this

Answer 31

surrounds and protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord (and the cranium surrounds the brain)

Question 32

neural crest cells are independent of

Answer 32

endo-ecto and mesoderm

Question 33

oldest known vertebrate fossil about 550 mya has 6 characterisics

Answer 33

1. fish shaped 2. fibrous cranium and segmented body wall muscles 3. no bone 4. unpaired fins so a dorsal fin and ventrolateral fin 5. gill openings 6. mouth