Lecture 5 - Advancements in Science and Technology Flashcards by GABRIEL AARON CARREON

Which of the following is an example of biological technology that could shape society?
A) Fossil fuels
B) Synthetic Biology
C) Traditional agriculture
D) Mechanical engineering

Synthetic Biology

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What are some key areas of biotechnology mentioned in the context of shaping society?
A) Robotics and automation
B) Genomics, proteomics, cloning, genetic engineering, CRISPR
C) Telecommunications and media
D) Traditional farming practices

Genomics, proteomics, cloning, genetic engineering, CRISPR

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What is recommended before exploring the impacts of biological technologies on society?
A) Reviewing economic theories
B) Understanding the central dogma of biology and the genetic code table
C) Learning about historical technologies
D) Studying environmental science

Understanding the central dogma of biology and the genetic code table

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What are the primary roles of DNA, RNA, and protein molecules in biology?
A) DNA stores genetic information, RNA helps in protein synthesis, and proteins perform various functions in the cell.
B) DNA provides energy, RNA stores information, and proteins are structural components.
C) DNA transports nutrients, RNA stores genetic information, and proteins catalyze reactions.
D) DNA acts as a catalyst, RNA is a waste product, and proteins are only for structural support.

DNA stores genetic information, RNA helps in protein synthesis, and proteins perform various functions in the cell.

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What is DNA replication, and what is its purpose?
A) The process of converting DNA into RNA; its purpose is to create proteins.
B) The process of copying DNA; its purpose is to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information.
C) The process of breaking down DNA; its purpose is to recycle genetic material.
D) The process of converting RNA into DNA; its purpose is to regulate gene expression.

The process of copying DNA; its purpose is to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information.

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What is transcription, and what is its significance?
A) The process of copying RNA into DNA; it is significant for gene expression regulation.
B) The process of converting DNA into RNA; it is significant for synthesizing proteins.
C) The process of translating RNA into protein; it is significant for cellular energy production.
D) The process of synthesizing DNA; it is significant for DNA repair.

The process of converting DNA into RNA; it is significant for synthesizing proteins.

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What is translation, and what is its significance?
A) The process of converting RNA into DNA; it is significant for DNA replication.
B) The process of converting RNA into proteins; it is significant for producing the proteins necessary for cellular functions.
C) The process of breaking down proteins into amino acids; it is significant for recycling cellular materials.
D) The process of synthesizing RNA; it is significant for regulating gene expression.

The process of converting RNA into proteins; it is significant for producing the proteins necessary for cellular functions.

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What does genomics study?
A) The structure and function of proteins
B) The DNA sequence organization, function, and evolution of genes
C) The effects of environmental factors on gene expression
D) The processes of cell division and replication

The DNA sequence organization, function, and evolution of genes

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What is the main focus of proteomics?
A) The identification of all the genes in an organism
B) The study of DNA replication processes
C) The identification of all proteins in a cell or organism, including their modifications and interactions
D) The mapping of genetic traits in populations

The identification of all proteins in a cell or organism, including their modifications and interactions

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What technological advancement made genomics possible?
A) Microscopy
B) CRISPR technology
C) Recombinant DNA techniques (gene cloning or genetic engineering)
D) DNA sequencing methods

Recombinant DNA techniques (gene cloning or genetic engineering)

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What is biotechnology?
A) The study of extinct organisms
B) The use of living organisms in any form for practical applications
C) The production of artificial intelligence
D) The development of non-living materials

The use of living organisms in any form for practical applications

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Which of the following is an example of biotechnology?
A) Using a computer to design a website
B) Cloning animals for agricultural purposes
C) Building bridges with metal
D) Writing a novel

Cloning animals for agricultural purposes

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In biotechnology, what types of living organisms are commonly used?
A) Only plants
B) Only animals
C) Microorganisms, plants, and animals
D) Only bacteria

Microorganisms, plants, and animals

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What is traditional biotechnology primarily used for?
A) Creating artificial intelligence
B) Food preservation and production
C) Industrial manufacturing
D) Space exploration

Food preservation and production

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What method of food preservation involves removing moisture to prevent microbial growth?
A) Freezing
B) Fermentation
C) Drying or dehydrating
D) Canning

Drying or dehydrating

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Which of the following is an example of a dried food product?
A) Fresh vegetables
B) Dried fish
C) Raw meat
D) Frozen fruits

Dried fish

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What is fermentation?
A) A method of freezing food
B) A process using microorganisms to produce a product
C) A technique for drying foods
D) A method for cooking food

A process using microorganisms to produce a product

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Which of the following is NOT an example of a fermented product?
A) Wine
B) Kimchi
C) Atsara/Atchara
D) Dried fruits

Dried fruits

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How do molecular tools in modern biotechnology help scientists?
A) They enable the manipulation of living organisms for aesthetic purposes.
B) They improve the efficiency of traditional farming techniques.
C) They enhance understanding of genetic structures and functions in living organisms.
D) They allow for the complete replacement of natural ecosystems.

They enhance understanding of genetic structures and functions in living organisms.

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What is a key benefit of modern biotechnology?
A) It allows for the destruction of genetic material.
B) It provides molecular tools for understanding the structure and function of genes.
C) It replaces all traditional farming methods.
D) It eliminates the need for any scientific research.

It provides molecular tools for understanding the structure and function of genes.

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Which of the following is NOT typically associated with modern biotechnology?
A) Gene editing
B) DNA sequencing
C) Organic farming
D) Genetic engineering

Organic farming

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Which of the following is an aim of modern biotechnology?
A) Develop new precision tools and diagnostics
B) Eliminate all forms of agriculture
C) Increase the use of chemical fertilizers only
D) Focus solely on traditional farming methods

Develop new precision tools and diagnostics

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What aim of modern biotechnology addresses issues like salinity and drought in agriculture?
A) Increase crop varieties
B) Combat salinity, drought, and agricultural problems
C) Reduce production costs
D) Enhance food taste

Combat salinity, drought, and agricultural problems

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How does modern biotechnology aim to enhance food quality?
A) By increasing the sugar content of all foods
B) By enhancing the nutritional quality of food
C) By preserving food indefinitely
D) By eliminating all nutrients

By enhancing the nutritional quality of food

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What is one of the economic aims of modern biotechnology? A) Increase production costs B) Reduce inputs and production costs C) Decrease the variety of crops available D) Eliminate pest control

Reduce inputs and production costs

Which aim of modern biotechnology relates to improving crop resilience? A) Develop pest- and disease-resistant crops B) Increase reliance on traditional pest control C) Limit crop varieties D) Focus on ornamental plants only

Develop pest- and disease-resistant crops

What techniques are used to modify the genetic makeup of GMOs? A) Traditional crossbreeding only B) Recombinant DNA methods, gene modification, and transgenic technology C) Natural selection D) Chemical treatment

Recombinant DNA methods, gene modification, and transgenic technology

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? A) Organisms that occur naturally in the environment B) Products of artificial manipulation of genetic material in a laboratory C) Organisms created through traditional breeding methods D) Organisms that have never been altered in any way

Products of artificial manipulation of genetic material in a laboratory

What is another name for genetically modified organisms, reflecting the process involved? A) Hybrid organisms B) Transgenic organisms C) Cloned organisms D) Natural organisms

Transgenic organisms

What issues do GMOs aim to address? A) Food security, agriculture, drug production, and nutrition B) Only cosmetic improvements in plants C) Traditional farming techniques D) Reducing the variety of food sources

Food security, agriculture, drug production, and nutrition

Who were the first scientists to genetically modify an organism? A) James Watson and Francis Crick B) Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen C) Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin D) Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner

Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen

What is one of the main advantages of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? A) Increased crop yield B) Decreased food production C) Higher prices for consumers D) Reduced crop variety

Increased crop yield

What is a major concern regarding GMOs and consumer health? A) GMOs are always safe for consumption B) There is a growing concern about how GMOs may affect consumers’ health C) GMOs are known to enhance human health D) Consumers have no interest in GMOs

There is a growing concern about how GMOs may affect consumers’ health

Which of the following is a benefit of GMOs related to pest management? A) Increased use of chemical pesticides B) Pest resistance C) Lower nutritional value D) Reduced food variety

Pest resistance

Which of the following is a human rights concern related to GMOs? A) GMOs are more affordable for everyone B) There are concerns about equitable access and control over GMO technology C) GMOs are universally accepted without debate D) GMOs eliminate the need for food security

There are concerns about equitable access and control over GMO technology

What is a potential environmental concern associated with GMOs? A) They always improve biodiversity B) They may lead to serious epidemics if viruses or bacteria are accidentally engineered C) They have no impact on the environment D) They increase soil quality

They may lead to serious epidemics if viruses or bacteria are accidentally engineered

What was the first genetically modified organism (GMO) approved by the FDA? A) Flavr Savr tomato B) Humulin (insulin produced using genetically engineered E. coli) C) Bt corn D) Roundup Ready soybean

Humulin (insulin produced using genetically engineered E. coli)

What is bovine somatotropin (bST) used for? A) To reduce meat production B) To increase milk production in dairy cows C) To enhance crop yield D) To promote plant growth

To increase milk production in dairy cows

What is the Flavr Savr tomato known for? A) Its high protein content B) Its ability to ripen faster C) Its delayed ripening effect, providing a longer shelf life D) Its resistance to pests

Its delayed ripening effect, providing a longer shelf life

Which of the following is an example of a GMO developed for pest resistance? A) Humulin B) Flavr Savr C) Bt potatoes and corn D) bST

Bt potatoes and corn

What are Roundup Ready soybeans designed for? A) Increased nutritional value B) Resistance to the herbicide glyphosate C) Enhanced flavor D) Faster growth rate

Resistance to the herbicide glyphosate

What is Golden Rice developed to address? A) High protein content B) Vitamin A deficiency C) Increased yield D) Resistance to pests

Vitamin A deficiency

What specific modification does Golden Rice have? A) It produces higher levels of sugar B) It biosynthesizes beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A C) It has a longer shelf life D) It is resistant to herbicides

It biosynthesizes beta-carotene, a precursor of Vitamin A

What does the phytase enzyme enable Yorkshire pigs to do? A) Increase their weight faster B) Digest plant phosphorus more effectively C) Produce more offspring D) Improve the taste of their meat

Digest plant phosphorus more effectively

What unique trait has been introduced in the Yorkshire pig? A) Increased muscle mass B) Ability to produce the enzyme phytase in their saliva C) Resistance to diseases D) Enhanced flavor of meat

Ability to produce the enzyme phytase in their saliva

What is cloning? A) The process of creating genetically unique organisms B) The process of making identical copies of an organism C) The method of altering genes to create new traits D) The introduction of foreign genes into an organism

The process of making identical copies of an organism

What concerning observation has been made regarding Bt toxins in pregnant women? A) They enhance pregnancy health B) They have no effect on pregnancy C) Presence of Bt toxins in the blood of pregnant women in eastern Quebec D) They increase fertility

Presence of Bt toxins in the blood of pregnant women in eastern Quebec

What does a clone possess compared to the original organism? A) Different genetic material B) The same genetic material C) No genetic material D) Improved genetic traits

The same genetic material

How does genetic engineering differ from cloning? A) Genetic engineering produces identical copies of organisms. B) Genetic engineering creates purposefully different versions of organisms. C) Genetic engineering does not involve any manipulation of genes. D) Genetic engineering is solely focused on cloning.

Genetic engineering creates purposefully different versions of organisms.

In genetic engineering, what can scientists do with genes from different species? A) Only study them without manipulation B) Introduce genes from one species to another C) Eliminate all genes D) Clone entire organisms

Introduce genes from one species to another

Which of the following statements is true regarding cloning? A) Cloning creates entirely new living organisms. B) Cloning produces genetically modified organisms. C) Cloning results in genetically identical organisms. D) Cloning is the same as genetic engineering.

Cloning results in genetically identical organisms.

What is the function of the Cas9 enzyme in CRISPR technology? A) To replicate DNA B) To cut strands of DNA C) To enhance protein synthesis D) To encode genetic information

To cut strands of DNA

What does CRISPR stand for? A) Clustered Random Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats B) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats C) Combined Repeated Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats D) Clustered Regular Interspersed Short Palindromic Repeats

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

How does CRISPR technology edit genes? A) By introducing new DNA without cutting B) By using the CRISPR sequence of DNA and the Cas9 protein to edit base pairs of a gene C) By eliminating all DNA in an organism D) By cloning the entire organism

By using the CRISPR sequence of DNA and the Cas9 protein to edit base pairs of a gene

What natural defense mechanism does CRISPR technology adapt from? A) Plant defense against herbivores B) The immune system of mammals C) The natural defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea D) The skin barrier of humans

The natural defense mechanisms of bacteria and archaea

What potential applications does CRISPR technology have in medicine? A) It can only be used for cloning. B) It enables scientists to repair genetic defects or use genetically modified human cells as therapies. C) It is used to create viruses. D) It eliminates the need for vaccinations.

It enables scientists to repair genetic defects or use genetically modified human cells as therapies.

What is a three-parent baby? A) A baby conceived naturally by three people B) A baby produced from the genetic material of one man and two women C) A baby that requires three parents to raise D) A baby that can only be born through natural means

A baby produced from the genetic material of one man and two women

What assisted reproductive technology is primarily used to create a three-parent baby? A) Artificial insemination B) Surrogacy C) Mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement) technologies D) Traditional IVF only

Mitochondrial manipulation (or replacement) technologies

How is a three-parent baby created using in vitro fertilization (IVF)? A) By combining genetic material from three individuals directly B) Through three-person in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques C) By using traditional methods of conception D) By cloning an existing organism

Through three-person in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques

Why might mitochondrial manipulation be used in the context of three-parent babies? A) To increase the number of parents B) To eliminate genetic disorders associated with mitochondrial DNA C) To enhance physical traits of the child D) To create genetically identical organisms

To eliminate genetic disorders associated with mitochondrial DNA

What is synthetic biology? A) The study of natural biological systems only B) The design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems C) A method to clone organisms D) A purely theoretical approach to biology

The design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems

What is one ethical consideration surrounding the creation of three-parent babies? A) It is always fully accepted by society. B) There are no risks involved in the process. C) It raises questions about genetic modification and the implications of manipulating human DNA. D) It guarantees that all genetic diseases will be eliminated.

It raises questions about genetic modification and the implications of manipulating human DNA.

What is one of the goals of synthetic biology? A) To create identical organisms B) To redesign existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes C) To eliminate all forms of genetic engineering D) To focus solely on animal biology

To redesign existing, natural biological systems for useful purposes

How is synthetic biology characterized in relation to traditional biology? A) It has no practical applications. B) It uses a purely artistic approach to biological research. C) It represents an engineer’s approach to biology. D) It ignores the principles of engineering.

It represents an engineer’s approach to biology.

Which of the following best describes the methods used in synthetic biology? A) Relying solely on natural processes B) Focusing on modifying only animal DNA C) Using engineering principles to manipulate biological systems D) Avoiding any kind of genetic manipulation

Using engineering principles to manipulate biological systems

What potential applications does synthetic biology have? A) It only serves theoretical purposes. B) It can lead to advancements in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability. C) It is limited to cloning techniques. D) It has no impact on modern science.

It can lead to advancements in medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability.

What are the two different types of coronavirus tests? A) Antigen tests and viral load tests B) Diagnostic tests and antibody tests C) Molecular tests and rapid tests D) PCR tests and antigen tests

Diagnostic tests and antibody tests

What is the purpose of a diagnostic test for coronavirus? A) To determine if you had a past infection B) To show if you have an active coronavirus infection C) To measure the severity of an infection D) To test for other viruses

To show if you have an active coronavirus infection

What do antibody tests look for in the blood? A) The presence of the virus B) Antibodies made by the immune system in response to an infection C) Active viral particles D) Genetic material of the virus

Antibodies made by the immune system in response to an infection

Which of the following is an example of a molecular diagnostic test? A) Antibody test B) Rapid antigen test C) RT-PCR test D) Home test kit

RT-PCR test

Why should antibody tests not be used to diagnose an active coronavirus infection? A) They are too expensive. B) Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after infection. C) They only test for other infections. D) They require specialized equipment.

Antibodies can take several days or weeks to develop after infection.

What is a wearable biosensor? A) A stationary health monitoring device B) A portable device that can be worn to record and monitor health-related data C) A type of medical imaging equipment D) A device used only in hospitals

A portable device that can be worn to record and monitor health-related data

What is one application of wearable biosensors? A) In-patient monitoring only B) Remote monitoring of patients C) Surgical procedures D) Only tracking fitness activities

Remote monitoring of patients

How can wearable biosensors support athletes? A) By providing financial assistance B) By monitoring their health-related data during training C) By replacing coaches and trainers D) By conducting medical exams

By monitoring their health-related data during training

What is a potential use of wearable biosensors for individuals working with hazardous elements? A) To enhance their physical strength B) To track their health data for safety and monitoring C) To replace safety gear D) To conduct laboratory experiments

To track their health data for safety and monitoring

How can wearable biosensors benefit professional drivers? A) By providing navigation assistance B) By alerting them to fatigue and drowsiness through monitoring of vital signs C) By improving their driving skills D) By recording their driving history

By alerting them to fatigue and drowsiness through monitoring of vital signs

What does nanotechnology focus on? A) The manipulation of matter on a large scale B) The control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale C) Only the study of bacteria D) The engineering of large machines

The control of matter on the atomic and molecular scale

How small is a nanometer? A) About the size of a human hair B) 1 millionth of a meter C) 1 billionth of a meter D) The size of a red blood cell

1 billionth of a meter

What is meant by the term “manipulation of matter” in nanotechnology? A) Changing the color of materials B) Altering materials on an atomic to subatomic scale C) Constructing large structures D) Painting surfaces

Altering materials on an atomic to subatomic scale

Which of the following is a characteristic size range for nanotechnology? A) 1 meter to 100 meters B) 100 nanometers across and smaller C) 10 centimeters to 1 meter D) 1 millimeter to 10 millimeters

100 nanometers across and smaller

What are some potential applications of nanotechnology? A) Only in cosmetics B) Electronics, medicine, and materials science C) Only in food production D) None; it has no practical uses

Electronics, medicine, and materials science

How do silver nanoparticles benefit clothing? A) They change the color of the fabric B) They make the fabric waterproof C) They kill bacteria, making clothing odor-resistant D) They increase the weight of the clothing

They kill bacteria, making clothing odor-resistant

In skin care products, what is the role of nanoparticles? A) To change the scent of the lotion B) To deliver vitamins deeper into the skin C) To make the product more expensive D) To create a thicker consistency

To deliver vitamins deeper into the skin

What type of batteries use nanoparticle-based electrodes? A) Alkaline batteries B) Lithium-ion batteries C) Lead-acid batteries D) Nickel-cadmium batteries

Lithium-ion batteries

How are carbon nanofibers used in furniture? A) To improve the color of the foam B) To coat the foam, making it flame retardant C) To make the furniture lighter D) To enhance the texture of the fabric

To coat the foam, making it flame retardant

Which of the following consumer products uses nanotechnology for odor resistance? A) Toothpaste B) Clothing with silver nanoparticles C) Plastic bottles D) Furniture polish

Clothing with silver nanoparticles

What is a designer baby? A) A baby born through natural conception B) A baby genetically engineered for selected traits C) A baby with no genetic modifications D) A baby created without medical intervention

A baby genetically engineered for selected traits

What ethical question is raised by the technology behind designer babies? A) Whether the baby will be healthy B) Whether it is ethical to genetically engineer babies C) Whether the parents will be happy D) Whether the baby will have siblings

Whether it is ethical to genetically engineer babies

What is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)? A) A method for determining a baby’s sex after birth B) Selecting the best egg for implantation C) A technique used to monitor fetal development D) A method for diagnosing diseases in adults

Selecting the best egg for implantation

Since when has pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) been used? A) 2000 B) 1988 C) 1995 D) 2010

1988

What is one potential benefit of designing babies through genetic engineering? A) Increased likelihood of genetic diseases B) Selection of desirable traits for health or abilities C) Elimination of all genetic diversity D) Guaranteed intelligence

Selection of desirable traits for health or abilities

How does cloning contribute to research? A) It creates larger populations of animals B) It helps in in-depth research, such as for motor neuron disease C) It reduces the need for medical professionals D) It eliminates genetic diseases completely

It helps in in-depth research, such as for motor neuron disease

What can embryonic stem cells be cloned to produce? A) New species of animals B) Tissues or organs to replace or repair damaged ones C) Higher intelligence in humans D) Genetic modifications

Tissues or organs to replace or repair damaged ones

How might cloning offer a chance for parents who have lost a child? A) By allowing them to have another child immediately B) By using the DNA of their deceased child to create a clone C) By providing counseling services D) By offering financial compensation

By using the DNA of their deceased child to create a clone

Which of the following is a potential application of cloning in medicine? A) Creating new animal breeds B) Producing identical pets C) Regenerative medicine, such as organ replacement D) Enhancing human intelligence

Regenerative medicine, such as organ replacement

What ethical concerns may arise from cloning? A) Increased agricultural productivity B) The potential for loss of genetic diversity C) Cloning of endangered species D) Concerns regarding the emotional impact on families

Concerns regarding the emotional impact on families

What is a common religious concern regarding cloning? A) It promotes genetic diversity B) It involves “playing God” C) It enhances medical treatments D) It improves agricultural practices

It involves “playing God”

What is the success rate of cloning? A) 50%-70% B) 0.1%-3% C) 10%-20% D) 90%-95%

0.1%-3%

Which country prohibits human cloning but allows therapeutic cloning? A) Canada B) Australia C) India D) Argentina

Australia

What specific aspect does Canada prohibit concerning cloning? A) Only cloning animals B) Cloning human and growing human embryos for research C) Cloning plants for agricultural use D) Cloning endangered species

Cloning human and growing human embryos for research

Lecture 5 - Advancements in Science and Technology Flashcards

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