lecture 5 and 6

Question 1

what do cell junctions do

Answer 1

stick cells together - tight or loose, connected to fibres that make up the cytoskeleton

Question 2

what do specialised junctions do

Answer 2

speed up the transfer of material between cells

Question 3

what are tight junctions

Answer 3

seal two cells together, liquid cannot move e.g. skin

Question 4

what are desmosomes

Answer 4

join cells but have a gap (flexible)

Question 5

where is epithelial tissue found

Answer 5

surfaces exposed to internal fluids or environment, cover body surfaces and line body cavities e.g. lymph

Question 6

where is cuboidal epithelium found

Answer 6

lines kidney tubules and ovary surfaces

Question 7

where is columnar epithelium found

Answer 7

GIT - microvilli lines the surface to help absorption

Question 8

where is squamous epithelium found

Answer 8

lines blood vessels/air sacs

Question 9

what is the basement membrane

Answer 9

joins the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue

Question 10

what is the outer skin layer made of

Answer 10

stratified squamous keratinised epithelium (strength)

Question 11

what do glands do

Answer 11

secrete chemical products

Question 12

what do exocrine glands do

Answer 12

secrete products into ducts or tubes - produce mucus, saliva or oils

Question 13

what do endocrine glands do

Answer 13

secrete hormones into body fluids

Question 14

what does connective tissue do

Answer 14

binds tissues and have roles in protecting, strengthening, supporting, binding tissues and fat storage

Question 15

does connective tissue touch each other

Answer 15

generally not in contact, separated by matrix (non-connective) e.g. elastin/collagen fibres which are reticulated

Question 16

what do fibroblasts do

Answer 16

secrete collagen and elastin fibres - modified polysaccharides

Question 17

example of something made from CT

Answer 17

the umbilical chord - needs flexibility and strength as it needs to protect vascular connection

Question 18

5 types of CT

Answer 18

fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue and blood

Question 19

what is fibrous tissue made of and where is it found

Answer 19

• made of fibroblasts and the secretions

- found in dense tissues such as tendons and ligaments

Question 20

what is hyaline cartilage made of and where is it found

Answer 20

its white and found in the nose and ear - elastic present but more in ear than nose

Question 21

what is fibrocartilage made of and where is it found

Answer 21

has collagen fibres and is found in as pads between load bearing joints e.g. knee

Question 22

what is bone made out of

Answer 22

matrix of collagen and protein fibres with deposited calcium salts, has strength and rigidity with some flexibility

Question 23

what is adipose tissue

Answer 23

protection and energy storage, found under the skin for insulation
FATTY TISSUE

Question 24

role of blood

Answer 24

transports nutrients and gases, regulates temp/pH/salt and has a role in fighting infection

Question 25

3 substances of blood

Answer 25

- RBC: transport oxygen using haemoglobin - WBC: fight infection with antibodies or by phagocytosing pathogens - platelets: cell fragments important in blood clotting

Question 26

what does muscular tissue do

Answer 26

move parts of body by contraction and relaxation

Question 27

how do muscles work

Answer 27

filaments of protein (actin and myosin) slide past each other

Question 28

3 types of muscles

Answer 28

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 29

characteristics of skeletal muscle

Answer 29

- attached to skeleton by CT (tendon), under voluntary control - cells with multiple nuclei - striations (arrangement of actin and myosin)

Question 30

characteristics of smooth muscle

Answer 30

- lines the digestive system, arteries and uterus and involuntary - long tapered cells, single nuclei, forms walls of hollow internal organs (stomach) - moves food with contractions (peristalsis)

Question 31

characteristics of cardiac muscle

Answer 31

- found in the heart, communication channels ensure muscle cells contract in unison - branching striated cells with single cells - end of every cell = intercalated disk which synchronises contraptions and generates heart beat

Question 32

what are loose junctions

Answer 32

have gaps (gap junctions) - channels

Question 33

what does nervous tissue do

Answer 33

relays information about conditions in and outside the body

Question 34

what is nervous tissue made of

Answer 34

neurons and neuroglial cells

Question 35

what are neurons composed of

Answer 35

cell body (nucleus and cytoplasm, dendrites conduct information, axons conduct nervous impulses away)

Question 36

what are neuroglia cells composed of

Answer 36

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial

Question 37

what do oligodendrocytes do

Answer 37

synthesise myeline sheath around axons which help insulate

Question 38

what do astrocytes do

Answer 38

supply nutrient and secrete nerve growth factors

Question 39

what do microglial do

Answer 39

phagocytose cell debris

Question 40

what is homeostasis

Answer 40

the interactions of internal systems to maintain stable conditions within the body

Question 41

homeostasis flow chart

Answer 41

stimulus - receptor - regulator - effector - response

Question 42

muscular system

Answer 42

maintains posture, moves body, generates metabolic heat

Question 43

skeletal system

Answer 43

supports/protects, acts as attachment points for muscles, stores calcium/phosphorus, site of RBC production

Question 44

nervous system

Answer 44

detects stimuli (external and internal), controls/coordinates responses, integrates/regulates activities of organs, memory and learning

Question 45

cardiovascular system

Answer 45

transports nutrients/gases, removes wastes, stabilises temp/pH

Question 46

digestive system

Answer 46

injects food/water, breaks down food mechanically and chemically, absorbs products of digestion, eliminates indigestible food residues

Question 47

endocrine system

Answer 47

controls body functions using hormones, integrates with nervous system to control activity

Question 48

reproductive system

Answer 48

females - produce eggs and forms protective environment for development of new individual male - produces sperm, transfers to male

Question 49

lymphatic system

Answer 49

stores WBC, collects excessive tissue fluids, absorbs fat from digestive system

Question 50

excretory/urinary system

Answer 50

maintains composition and volume of blood, excretes excess fluids, removes wastes from blood and excretes these