Lecture 5: Biodiversity part 1

Question 1

What is taxonomy?

Answer 1

science of classifying living things

Question 2

What is the order of hierarchical classification?

Answer 2

-domain
-kingdom
-phylum
-class
-order
-family
-genus
-species

Question 3

What is the domain model of bacteria?

Answer 3

-unicellular
-no nucleus
-prokaryote

Question 4

What is the domain model of Archaea?

Answer 4

-unicellular
-no nucleus
-prokaryote

Question 5

What are things that a eukaryote has that prokaryote don’t?

Answer 5

-membrane bound nucleus
-membrane bound organelles
-gene expression are different
-DNA is arranged on chromosomes

Question 6

What is the domain model of Eukarya?

Answer 6

-unicellular/multicellular
-nucleus
-eukaryote

Question 7

What are the advantages of a peptoglycan cell wall?

Answer 7

-maintains the shape
-whitstands hypotonic environments

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Gram-positive Bacteria?

Answer 8

-simpler walls
-large amount of peptoglycan
-stain color purple

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Gram-negative Bacteria?

Answer 9

-less peptoglycan
-outer membrane can be toxic
-MORE likely to be antibiotic resistance
-stain look pink

Question 10

How do antibiotics act on bacteria?

Answer 10

target peptoglycan + damage bacteria cell wall

Question 11

What are two key activities in nutrients cycling in bacteria?

Answer 11

-decomposition
-Fixation

Question 12

What does decomposition in the nutrients cycling?

Answer 12

release nutrients from decaying organisms into the environment for re-use

Question 13

What does fixation in the nutrient cycling?

Answer 13

return nutrients from oxidized inorganic forms to reduced organic forms

Question 14

What means pathogenic?

Answer 14

bacteria that can causes diseases

Question 15

Explain why Escherichia Coli is virulent and considered to be pathogenic?

Answer 15

-virulence strains depends upon the length of the genome + toxicity of the resulting protein

Question 16

What are the 3 basics shapes of bacteria?

Answer 16

-rod-shaped
-spherical
-helical-shaped

Question 17

Define the mode of nutrition heterotrophs

Answer 17

*Bacteria that feed themselves on other organisms for obtaining their energy

Question 18

Define photoautotroph

Answer 18

when using light energy from the sun

Question 19

Define chemoautotroph

Answer 19

derive energy needed from inorganic molecules to produce food in the form of carbohydrates

Question 20

What are the 4 mains characteristics of proteobacteria?

Answer 20

-gram negative
-photoautotroph
-chemoautotroph
-heterotrophs

Question 21

Give an example of a proteobacteria

Answer 21

Escherichia Coli

Question 22

What is the chlamydia bacteria?

Answer 22

parasites that live within animals cells

Question 23

Define spirochetes

Answer 23

-helical heterotrophs

Question 24

Define cyanobacteria

Answer 24

-gram negative
-photoautotrophs
*plant chloroplast likely evolved from cyanobacteria by endosymbiosis

Question 25

What does heterocyst means?

Answer 25

cells specialized to fix nitrogen

Question 26

What is the particularity of the Nostoc cyanobacteria?

Answer 26

genus of cyanobacteria that is common in a variety of habitats

Question 27

What are 3 characteristics of Gram positive bacteria?

Answer 27

-largely solitary -form endospores: metabolically inactive -anarobic -- DON'T need oxygen

Question 28

What are the two fundamental characteristics of the domain archaea?

Answer 28

-unicellular -mostly anaerobic

Question 29

How does Archaea differs significantly from bacteria? (5)

Answer 29

-Plasma membrane structure (made of different types of lipids) -Cell wall -DNA replication -RNA ribosomes in Archaea similar to those in Eukaryote -Gene expression

Question 30

Name the main difference in the cell wall between Archaea and Bacteria?

Answer 30

Bacteria: made of peptoglycan -Archaea: lots of variability, NO peptoglycan

Question 31

What are the 3 main categories of Archaea?

Answer 31

-Methanogens -Extremophiles -Nonextreme archaea

Question 32

How many supergroup Eukarya has?

Answer 32

6

Question 33

What are the 3 main domains of eukaryotes that we will analyse?

Answer 33

-plantae -animalia -fungi ++ protists

Question 34

What is the nutrient mode of the kingdom plantae?

Answer 34

photoautotrophs: produce their own sugar by photosynthesis

Question 35

What is the nutrient mode of the kingdom Fungi?

Answer 35

absorptive heterotrophs: absorb dissolved nutrients from surrounding

Question 36

What is the nutrient mode of the kingdom Animalia?

Answer 36

heterotrophs: obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms

Question 37

What is the 3 nutrient mode of protists?

Answer 37

-heterotrophs -autotrophs -mixotrophs

Question 38

Which supergroup do the 3 min Eukarya kingdom belong in?

Answer 38

opisthokonta

Question 39

What is a monophyletic group?

Answer 39

group of related species -- complete branch on the tree life

Question 40

What is a paraphyletic group?

Answer 40

-not all descendants of a single common ancestor

Question 41

How does protist photoautotroph nourish?

Answer 41

by containing chloroplast

Question 42

How does protist heterotrophs nourish?

Answer 42

-absorb organic molecules -ingest larger food particles

Question 43

What is an example of a protist in the supergroup Excavata?