Lecture 5 - individuals in groups and teamworking

Question 1

Social identity

Answer 1

part of the self-concept which comes from our membership of groups and which contributes to our self-esteem, develops through group membership

Question 2

Self concept

Answer 2

The set of perceptions that we have about ourselves

Question 3

Social categorization

Answer 3

Assessing the people we meet, on the basis of how similar or different they are, from the way that we see ourselves.

Question 4

Self-categorization

Answer 4

Perception of having the same social identity as other group members and behaving in line with that.

Question 5

The 4 effects of social-categorization and self-categorization

Answer 5

1. It transforms seperate individuals into groups.
2. We-they view of the world.
3. Enhances the understanding of the world.
4. Helps maintain or enhance our self-esteem.

Question 6

Complaince

Answer 6

Groups affect their members behavior

Question 7

Conversion

Answer 7

individuals can influence the majority

Question 8

Social Representation

Answer 8

The beliefs, ideas and values, objects, people and events that are constructed by current group members, and wich are transmitted to its new members.

Question 9

Shared frame of reference

Answer 9

Gets created with the help of social representation.

Question 10

Social influence

Answer 10

The presence of others influences our attitudes and behaviors.

Question 11

Social inhibition

Answer 11

The effect of the presence of other people reducing an individual’s performance.

Question 12

Social facilitation

Answer 12

The effect of the presence of other people enhances an individual’s performance.

Question 13

Synergy

Answer 13

The positive or negative result of interaction of two or more components (individuals in a group), producing an outcome that is different from the sum of the individual components.

Question 14

Positive synergy

Answer 14

2+2=5, A worker performs a assembly task faster when working next to
colleagues compared to when working by themselves.

Question 15

Negative synergy

Answer 15

2+2=3, A student trying to solve a problem on
the blackboard makes more errors when the professor and classmates are
watching compared to working it out alone.

Question 16

Social compensation

Answer 16

Increased effort by individual, one student does extra work to cover tasks neglected by
less committed members, ensuring the final quality is high.

Question 17

Social loafing

Answer 17

Reduced effort by individual, During a group brainstorming where ideas aren’t individually tracked, an employee contributes fewer suggestions than usual, feeling less personal responsibility for the outcome.

Question 18

Free rider

Answer 18

a member who obtains benefits from team membership without bearing a proportional share of the costs for generating that benefit.

Question 19

Group norms

Answer 19

Expected behavior or belief that is established formally or informally by a group.

Question 20

Pivotal norms

Answer 20

Socially defined standards relating to behavior and beliefs that are central to a group’s objective and surival.

Question 21

Peripheral norms

Answer 21

Socially defined standards relating to behaviour and beliefs that are important but not crucial to a group’s objective and survival.

Question 22

4 ways that group norms are developed

Answer 22

1. Initial pattern of behavior
2. Explicit statement by supervisor or co-worker
3. Critical event in the groups history
4. Transfer behavior from past situations

Question 23

Group sanction

Answer 23

A Punishment or reward given by members to others in the group in the process of enforcing group norms.

Question 24

Conformity

Answer 24

Changing our behavior or belief due to real or imagined group pressure.

Question 25

Distortion of perception - Asch's study

Answer 25

They convinced themselves they saw what the other participants stated. Often they did not trust themselves.

Question 26

Distortion of judgement - Asch's study

Answer 26

They were not sure if they understood the task, they self-doubt or lacked confidence.

Question 27

Distortion of action - Asch's study

Answer 27

They suppressed their observations with full awareness of what they were doing. The conformed due to fear of being excluded or ostracized.

Question 28

Ostracism

Answer 28

Ignoring and excluding an individual from the group.

Question 29

Deindividuation

Answer 29

Loosened self-awareness and self-monitoring leading to impulsive and antisocial acts.

Question 30

Group cohesion

Answer 30

The number and strength of mutual positive attitutes towards group members.

Question 31

Socialization

Answer 31

The process where members learn the values, symbols and expected behavior in a group.

Question 32

The 5 steps in the group socialization process

Answer 32

1. Investigation 2. Socialization 3. Maintenance 4. Resocialization 5. Remembrance

Question 33

Team

Answer 33

A collection of individuals who exist to achieve shared goal, are interdependent with respect to achieving that goal, whose membership is bounded and stable over time, who operates within a system.

Question 34

4 types of teams

Answer 34

1. Advice 2. Action 3. Project 4. Production

Question 35

Five dimensions to compare teams

Answer 35

1. Degree of differentiation from other units 2. Degree of coordination 3. Degree of technical specialization 4. Work cycles 5. Typical outputs

Question 36

Advice team specification

Answer 36

Composed by the management, providing information for the decision making of the management. Differentiation: low Coordination: Low Specialization: Low Work cycle: Brief/long

Question 37

Quality circle (kaizen team)

Answer 37

Shop floor employees from the same department who meet for a few hours each week to discuss ways of improving their work environment.

Question 38

Total quality management (TQM)

Answer 38

A philosophy of management that is driven by customer needs and expectations and wich is committed to continuous improvement.

Question 39

Just-in-time system (JIT)

Answer 39

Inventory management method of receiving goods when they are needed in the production process instead of being stored by the manufacturer.

Question 40

Action team specifications

Answer 40

A team that executes brief performances that are repeated under new conditions. Members are specialized and need to coordinate their individual contributions with each other. Differentiation: low Coordination: high Specialization: High Work cycle: brief, new

Question 41

Project team specification

Answer 41

A team with employees from different work areas to complete a certain outcome within a limited time and with limited resources. Differentiation: high Coordination: low/high Specialization: high Work cycle: different

Question 42

Cross-functional team

Answer 42

Employees from different functional departments who meet as a team to complete a particular task.

Question 43

Production team specification

Answer 43

A stable number of individuals who share production goals and who perform specific roles which are supported by a set of incentives and sanctions. Differentiation: low Coordination: high specialization: high Work cycle: continuous

Question 44

high performance work system

Answer 44

A form of organization that operates at level of excellence far beyond those of comparable systems

Question 45

Empowerment

Answer 45

Giving employees more authority and decision making responsibility.

Question 46

Japanese team working (toyotaism)

Answer 46

Use of scientific management principle of lean production, minimum staffing, multitasking, multi machine operation, pre-defined work operations, repetitive short cycle work, powerful first line supervisors and a conventional managerial hierarchy.

Question 47

Self managing team

Answer 47

A group of individuals with diverse skills and knowledge with the collective autonomy and responsibility to plan, manage ande execute tasks independently to attain a common goal.

Question 48

Team autonomy

Answer 48

The extent tot which a team experiences freedom, independence and discretion in decision relation to the performance of its tasks.

Question 49

Organizational context

Answer 49

The features of an organization which are external to the work team, but which are relevant to the way it operates.

Question 50

8 forms of organizational context

Answer 50

1. organizational culture 2. task design and technology 3. mission clarity 4. autonomy 5. performance feedback 6. rewards and recognition 7. training and consultation 8. physical environment

Question 51

Fluid work team boundaries

Answer 51

Individuals move in and out of them during the course of their work.

Question 52

Overlapping work team boundaries

Answer 52

Individuals work in several different teams simultaneously.

Question 53

Dispersed work team boundaries

Answer 53

Individuals work in different geographical locations.

Question 54

External work team differentation

Answer 54

The degree to which a work team stands out from its organizational context in terms of its membership, temporal scope and territory.

Question 55

Internal work differentiation

Answer 55

The degree to which a team's members possess different skills and knowledge that contributes towards the achievement of the team's objective.

Question 56

External work team integrations

Answer 56

The degree to which a work team is linked with the larger organization of which it is a part.

Question 57

Team viability

Answer 57

A measure of how well a team meets the needs and expectations of its members.

Question 58

Team performance

Answer 58

A measure of how well a team achieves its task and the need of management, costumes or shareholders.