Lecture 5: Regulation of Kidney Development 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Lecture 5: Regulation of Kidney Development 2 Deck (27)
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1
Q

What method can be used to visualise glomeruli and what is the marker?

A

Immunohistochemistry, WT-1

2
Q

What analysis can be used to assess the complexity of UT branching?

A

Antibody analysis

3
Q

What can PNA be used for?

A

Identify where branches and nephrons are located

4
Q

What effect does BMP-4 have on branching morphogenesis?

A

Inhibition

5
Q

What effect does DEX (glucocorticoid) have on branching morphogenesis?

A

Inhbition

6
Q

What do glucocorticoids require?

A

Must be dissolved in a vehicle that is a solvent

7
Q

Can the glucocorticoid vehicle regulate branching itself?

A

Yes

8
Q

What happened when glucocorticoids were given to the mother early?

A

Deregulation of >1500 genes

9
Q

What might happen even when you knock out a gene?

A

Other genes may compensate or overcompensate for the loss

10
Q

Where is GDNF expressed?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

11
Q

What is GDNF important for?

A

Signalling from metanephric mesenchyme to ureteric bud to signal invasion

12
Q

What does GDNF act on?

A

c-RET (receptor)

GRF-alpha (co-receptor)

13
Q

Where are the receptors for GDNF expressed?

A

Wolffian duct

14
Q

What happens when there is a complete or partial knockout of GDNF?

A
  • When you knockout GDNF you get complete absence of kidneys or very small kidneys
  • If there is partial knockout of GDNF there is a 30% reduction in nephron number
15
Q

What happens when gremlin is signalling?

A

No branch point is formed

16
Q

What family is BMP a part of?

A

TGF-B

17
Q

What does BMP act on?

A

ALK self surface receptors

18
Q

What is BMP important for?

A

Important for growth of UB and branching morphogenesis (inhibit GDNF)

19
Q

Where is BMP-4 expressed?

A

Along border of wolffian duct

20
Q

What is the order of Wnt expression?

A
  • Wnt11 expressed at tip of UB early in gestation
  • Wnt4 expressed (pre-tubular aggregate) with Wnt11 in mid gestation
  • Wnt7b then expressed
  • Wnt9b expressed all of the time
21
Q

What happens if Wnt is knocked out?

A

Reduced kidney size

22
Q

How is RAS normally affected?

A

In a sexually dimorphic manner

23
Q

What happened to sheep exposed to glucocorticoids?

A

Increased BP in offspring

24
Q

What happened to pregnant mice that were given glucocorticoids?

A

Reduced nephron number in male and female offspring, increased BP in males but not females. Males had altered albuminuria and increased renal activity and renal GC activity

25
Q

What is the brenner hypothesis?

A

Low nephron number at birth will lead to increased blood pressure and subsequent death of nephrons

26
Q

What happens when you knock out Agtr1?

A

Vascular thickening and abnormal medulla

27
Q

What happens when you knockout Agtr2?

A

CAKUT