LECTURE 5: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Question 1

What are the main components of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

Nose & Nasal Cavity, Aero-digestive Pathway, Mouth & Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea & Bronchial Tree, Lungs

Question 2

What are the divisions of the respiratory system?

Answer 2

Upper Respiratory Tract: From the nose to the vocal folds. Lower Respiratory Tract: From the vocal folds to the lungs.

Question 3

What are the zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Conducting Zone: Airways that conduct air into the lungs. Respiratory Zone: Structures where gas exchange occurs.

Question 4

What is the primary function of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

Gas Exchange, pH Homeostasis, Sound & Vocalization, Olfaction

Question 5

Which portion of the respiratory system does not share a pathway with the GI system?

Answer 5

C. Lower respiratory tract

Knowledge Check

Question 6

What are the features of the nose?

Answer 6

Bridge, Ala, Naris (nares), Nasal Columella

Question 7

What structures are found in the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

Naris, Nasal Vestibule, Nasal Septum, Conchae & Meatuses, Nasal Mucosa, Choana(e)

Question 8

What are the nasal meatuses?

Answer 8

Superior nasal meatus, Middle nasal meatus, Inferior nasal meatus

Question 9

What is the function of the mouth and oral cavity?

Answer 9

Shared by both respiratory and digestive systems, includes Oral Fissure, Oral Cavity, Oral Vestibule, Gingivae, Teeth, Tongue, Sublingual Space, Palatoglossal Folds

Question 10

Which nasal meatus communicates with the orbit to receive tear drainage?

Answer 10

B. Middle nasal meatus

Knowledge Check

Question 11

What are the regions of the pharynx?

Answer 11

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Question 12

What are the boundaries of the nasopharynx?

Answer 12

Choanae, soft palate, pharyngeal tonsil

Question 13

What are the contents of the nasopharynx?

Answer 13

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)

Question 14

What are the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?

Answer 14

Superior, Middle, Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 15

What is the role of the pharyngeal neural plexus?

Answer 15

Efferent (motor) from the vagus nerve, Afferent (sensory) from the glossopharyngeal nerve and maxillary nerve

Question 16

What triggers the posterior pharyngeal gag reflex?

Answer 16

Stimulus: Back of the throat is stimulated.

Question 17

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

Answer 17

B. Nasopharynx

Knowledge Check

Question 18

What is the function of the larynx?

Answer 18

Vocalization and airway protection during swallowing

Question 19

What are the components of the laryngoskeleton?

Answer 19

Thyroid Cartilage, Cricoid Cartilage, Epiglottic Cartilage, Arytenoid Cartilages, Corniculate Cartilages, Cuneiform Cartilages

Question 20

Which laryngeal cartilage forms a complete ring around the airway?

Answer 20

B. Cricoid

Knowledge Check

Question 21

What is the function of the Conus Elasticus?

Answer 21

Funnels air out.

Question 22

What are vocal ligaments?

Answer 22

Structures that are part of the intrinsic membranes of the larynx.

Question 23

What are the Cricothyroid membranes?

Answer 23

They include median and lateral membranes.

Question 24

What is the function of Quadrangular Membranes?

Answer 24

Funnel air in.

Question 25

What is the Laryngeal Vestibule?

Answer 25

Area above the vocal cords.

Question 26

What is the Rima Vestibuli?

Answer 26

Space between vestibular folds.

Question 27

What are Vestibular Folds?

Answer 27

Also called false vocal cords.

Question 28

What is the Laryngeal Ventricle?

Answer 28

Space between the true vocal cords and the false vocal cords.

Question 29

What is the Rima Glottidis?

Answer 29

Space between the vocal folds.

Question 30

What are Vocal Folds?

Answer 30

True vocal cords.

Question 31

What is the Infraglottic Cavity?

Answer 31

Space below the vocal cords.

Question 32

What is the Trachea?

Answer 32

Windpipe that continues below the larynx.

Question 33

What is a Cricothyrotomy?

Answer 33

An emergency procedure performed at the median cricothyroid ligament.

Question 34

What is a Tracheotomy / Tracheostomy?

Answer 34

Surgical intervention involving a vertical incision of the trachea.

Question 35

What is the Median Cricothyroid Ligament?

Answer 35

A ligament important for airway access anatomy.

Question 36

What is the Laryngeal Prominence?

Answer 36

Known as the Adam’s apple.

Question 37

What is the Cricoid Cartilage?

Answer 37

A cartilage structure in the larynx.

Question 38

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 38

Extrinsic muscles attach to the hyoid bone; intrinsic muscles connect laryngoskeleton elements.

Question 39

What do intrinsic laryngeal muscles do?

Answer 39

They affect vocal ligaments and control phonation and ventilation.

Question 40

What is the function of the Posterior Crico-arytenoid Muscles?

Answer 40

Pivot arytenoids laterally to abduct vocal ligaments.

Question 41

What is the effect of the Posterior Crico-arytenoid Muscles on phonation?

Answer 41

Helps in ventilation and raises pitch.

Question 42

What is the function of the Transverse & Oblique Arytenoid Muscles?

Answer 42

Adduct arytenoids and vocal ligaments for phonation.

Question 43

What do Lateral Crico-arytenoid Muscles do?

Answer 43

Adduct vocal ligaments, closing the rima glottidis.

Question 44

What is the function of Thyro-arytenoid Muscles?

Answer 44

Protract arytenoids toward the thyroid, decreasing tension and lowering pitch.

Question 45

What is the function of the Cricothyroid Muscle?

Answer 45

Tenses vocal cords by anteriorly tipping the thyroid cartilage.

Question 46

What innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 46

The Vagus Nerve (CN X) and its branches.

Question 47

What does the Superior Thyroid Artery supply?

Answer 47

Supplies the larynx along with the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Question 48

What is the structure of the trachea?

Answer 48

Commonly referred to as the 'windpipe' and located anterior to the esophagus.

Question 49

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

Answer 49

Constricts the trachea under autonomic control.

Question 50

What are the pleurae?

Answer 50

Serous membranes lining the pulmonary cavities.

Question 51

What is the Visceral Pleura?

Answer 51

Covers the lungs.

Question 52

What is the Parietal Pleura?

Answer 52

Lines the cavity walls and consists of diaphragmatic, costal, cervical, and mediastinal layers.

Question 53

What are the lobes of the lungs?

Answer 53

Superior, middle (only on the right lung), and inferior.

Question 54

What is the Hilum of the lung?

Answer 54

The point of entry and exit for the bronchi, pulmonary arteries, and veins.

Question 55

What is the bronchial tree?

Answer 55

Trachea → Primary Bronchi → Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi → Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi → Bronchioles.

Question 56

What is the function of conducting bronchioles?

Answer 56

Contain club cells that produce surfactant.

Question 57

What is Boyle’s Law?

Answer 57

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

Question 58

What muscles are involved in inhalation?

Answer 58

Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, and pectoralis minor.

Question 59

What are the effects of smoking on the respiratory system?

Answer 59

Nicotine restricts terminal bronchioles and CO binds to hemoglobin.

Question 60

What conditions are associated with smoking?

Answer 60

Lung cancer and emphysema.