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Tissue biology > Lecture 5: The upper gastrointestinal tract > Flashcards

Lecture 5: The upper gastrointestinal tract Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three major layers of the mucosa found throughout the GI tract?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

What is the role of the muscularis mucosae?

A

Local movement and folding of the mucosa

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3
Q

What three things are found in the submucosa?

A

Nerves, blood vessels, supporting connective tissue

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4
Q

What name is given to the contractions of the GI tract to help move food along?

A

Peristalsis

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5
Q

What does the epithelium line?

A

The lumen of the GI tract

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6
Q

Why does the epithelium change in colour along the GI tract?

A

Different types of epithelial cell

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7
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis propria?

A

Outer longitudinal layer

Inner circular layer

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8
Q

What layer of muscularis propria is found only in the stomach and helps with mechanical digestion?

A

Third inner oblique layer

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9
Q

What name is given to the outermost layer of loose supporting tissue?

A

Adventitia

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10
Q

What is the name of the outermost layer supporting the muscularis layer in the stomach?

A

Serosa

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11
Q

What type of cells make up the serosa?

A

Simple squamous

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12
Q

The serosal layer that covers intraabdominal structures is known as

A

Visceral peritoneum

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13
Q

What structure binds the digestive tracts to the abdominal wall?

A

Mesentery

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14
Q

Where is protective mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Esophagus, anal canal

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15
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Stomach, small and large intestine

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16
Q

Where is absoptive mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

Small intestine (dudenum: brunner’s gland)

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17
Q

Where is absorptive/protective mucosa found in the GI tract?

A

The whole large intestine

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18
Q

What type of epithelial cells make up protective mucosa?

A

Stratified squamous

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19
Q

What structures differentiate absorptive/protective mucosa?

A

Lots of mucus secreting cells

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20
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube which transports food from mouth to the stomach

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21
Q

How is transport in the oesophagus driven?

A

Peristaltic contractions

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22
Q

What sphincters contribute to food movement control in the oseophagus?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter and upper oesophageal sphincters

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23
Q

What type of epithelial cells line the oesophagus?

A

Non-keratinised squamous epithelium

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24
Q

What are oseophageal glands?

A

Small groups of mucus-secreting glands in the sub-mucosa of the oesophagus

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25
What is the purpose of the oseophgeal glands secreting mucus?
Lubrication and protection
26
What glands are found in the oseophagus nearer to the stomach?
Oesophgeal cardiac glands are found within the lamina propria and secrete mucus
27
What happens to the mucosa at the junction of the oesophagus and the stomach?
Abruptly changes to glandular secretory (simple columnar epithelial cells)
28
Why is the stomach split into different regions?
These have different functions
29
What is the name of the region of the stomach located at the transition from esophagus to the stomach?
Cardia
30
What is the shape and size of the cardia?
A narrow circular band, <1.5-3cm
31
What do most glands of the gastric cardia secrete?
Mucus and lysozyme
32
What type of cardiac glands does the mucosa of the cardia contain
Simple or branched, coiled with large lumens
33
What does lysozyme do?
Attacks bacterial cell walls
34
What other cells are found in the gastric cardia?
Parietal cells
35
What are the glands of the cardia similar to?
Cardiac glands of the oesophagus
36
What type of mucosa makes up the gastric cardia?
Protective mucosa
37
What is found in the lamina propria of the fundus and body of the stomach?
Abundant number of gastric glands
38
How are epithelial cells distrubuted in the fundus and body of the stomach?
Not uniformly
39
What are the three main areas of each gastric gland?
Isthmus, neck, base
40
What is the structure at the top of the gastric gland called?
Gastric pit/foveolus
41
What cells make up the isthmus?
Parietal cells
42
What type of cells make up the neck of the neck of the gastric gland?
Neck mucous cells, stem cells, parietal cells
43
What type of cells are found in the base of the gastric gland?
Peptic cells, parietal cells, neck mucous cells, neuroendocrine cells
44
Parietal cells stain in an H&E
Light
45
Chief cells stain in an H&E
Dark
46
Why are stem cells found in the isthmus and neck of the gastric gland?
Cells are exposed to acid to are replaced regularly (high turn over rate)
47
Where do stem cells move to?
Upwards to replace mucous cells | Downwards to differentiate into parietal, chief or endocrine cells
48
Mucous cells have a _ to _ day turnover, parietal, chief and endocrine cells are replaced less often
4 to 7
49
Mucous neck cells are arranged how?
Clusters or single cells in the neck of gastric glands
50
How are mucous neck cells different to superfical mucous glands?
Larger secretory granules
51
Parietal cells are called
oxyntic
52
Where are parietal cells present mainly?
in the upper half of gastric glands
53
What is the structure of parietal cells in gastric glands?
Large round cells with eosiophilic cytoplasm
54
What do parietal cells secrete?
Hydrochloric acid
55
Parietal cells are metabolically active so have
Numerous mitochondria and intracellular canaliculi
56
Chief cells are aclled
Zymogenic cells
57
Where do chief cells predominate?
Lower part of tubular glands
58
What features are abundant in chief cells?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum, condensed basal nuclei (pushed to one side), basophilic (purple) granular cytoplasm
59
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen (inactive enzyme)
60
What happens to pepsinogen once secreted?
Rapidly converts to active form pepsin
61
Pepsin is what type of enzyme?
proteolytic
62
What else do chief cells secrete?
Lipase, to help break down fat
63
Name 4 types of neuroendocrine cells
- Enterochromaffin cells - G cells - Delta cells - Other
64
What does enterochromaffin cells secrete?
- Chromogranin (induces secretions) | - Calbindin (Ca2+ binding)
65
What do G cells secrete?
Gastrin (stimulates acid secretion)
66
What do delta cells do?
Inhibit secretions
67
What does calcitonin do?
Ca2+ metabolism
68
What region of the stomach is found before the deodeum?
Pylorus
69
How do gastric pits differ in the pylorus?
Deeper, communicate with pyloric glands
70
What is secreted in the pylorus?
Mucus, lysozyme, gastrin
71
What do D cells in the pylorus secrete?
Somatostain (helps inhibit acid secretion)
72
What type of cell secrets gastrin?
G cells
73
What does gastrin do?
Activates parietal cells
74
What type of stimulation makes G cells secrete gastrin?
Parasympathetic stimulation | Stomach distension and amino acids directly stimulate
75
What stimulates D cells to secrete somatostain?
HCl, to counterbalance acid secretion

Tissue biology (7 decks)

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