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Infection > Lecture 5.1: Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Lecture 5.1: Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Associated structure/ Nasal Passage
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2
Q

What makes up the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs (Alveoli)
  • Diaphragm
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3
Q

Normal Flora of the Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus

* Staphylococcus epidermis

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4
Q

Why do Secondary Infections occur?

A
  • They occur after damage to mucosal lining
  • Viral infection
  • Mechanical
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5
Q

Bacteria of Sinusitis (2)

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia

* Haemophilus influenzae

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6
Q

Bacteria of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (2)

A
  • Streptococcus pyrogens

* Haemophilus influenzae

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7
Q

Bacteria of Tracheitis (1)

A

• Staphylococcus aureus

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8
Q

Bacteria of Bronchitis (4)

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Mycoplasma catarrhalis
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9
Q

Bacteria of Pneumonia (3)

A
  • Streptococcus pneumonia
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staphylococcus aureus
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10
Q

Bacteria of Atypical Pneumonia (3)

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumonia
  • Chlamydia pneumonia
  • Legionella pneumonia
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11
Q

Bacteria of Tuberculosis (1)

A

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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12
Q

Pneumonia Defence Mechanisms (5)

A
  • Cough Reflex
  • Mucociliary Apparatus
  • Phagocytic Action of Alveolar Macrophages
  • Secretion Clearance
  • Innate, Humoral, Cell-Mediated Immunity
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13
Q

What is an Empyema?

A

A purulent exudate in the pleural cavity

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14
Q

What is an Abcess?

A

A circumscribed collection of pus within the lung parenchyma

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15
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A
  • Infection of the lungs.

* Alveoli fill with fluid and pus, making breathing more difficult

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16
Q

Symptoms of Pneumonia (11)

A
  • Fever
  • Shaking/Chills
  • Cough with yellow/green sputum
  • Difficulty Breathing
  • Chest Pain
  • Body Aches
  • Loss of Appetite
  • Fatigue/ Low Energy
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
  • Bluish Skin
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17
Q

How is Pneumonia spread?

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A

Most cases of pneumonia are spread person-to-person by coughing out of tiny droplets

18
Q

What factors prevent microbe colonisation in the respiratory tract?

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A
  • Mucous Entrapment
  • Ciliary Clearance
  • Immune Surveillance
  • Intact Epithelial Barrier
  • Secreted Factors (IgA, surfactant proteins, defensins)
19
Q

What are the 4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia?

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A
  • Acute Congestion
  • Red Hepatisation
  • Grey Hepatisation
  • Resolution
20
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Acute Congestion

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A

Local capillaries become engorged with neutrophils

21
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Red Hepatisation

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A

Red blood cells from the capillaries flow into the alveolar spaces

22
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Grey Hepatisation

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A

Large numbers of dead neutrophils (are the first immune cells that reach the site of infection through a process known as chemotaxis) and degenerating red cells

23
Q

4 Stages of Classic Lobar Pneumonia: Resolution

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A

Adaptive immune response begins to produce antibodies which control the infection

24
Q

What does CAP stand for?

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A

Community Acquired Pneumonia

25
“Typical” CAP
* Presents with “typical” severe, acute infection * Infectious agent (usually S. pneumo or H. flu) is culturable/ identifiable * Responsive to cell-wall active antibiotics
26
“Atypical” CAP
* Presentation is usually sub-acute * Causative pathogens are difficult to culture/identify by standard methods * Not responsive to penicillins
27
How to score Severity of Pneumonia?
CURB-65 Score
28
How is a CURB-65 Score calculated?
* Confusion * Raised blood urea nitrogen (over 7 mmol/litre) * Raised respiratory rate (30 breaths per minute or more) * Low blood pressure (diastolic <60 mmHg, or systolic <90 mmHg) * Age 65 years or more
29
How does CURB-65 Scoring work?
* 0 or 1: low risk (less than 3% mortality risk) * 2: intermediate risk (3-15% mortality risk) * 3 to 5: high risk (more than 15% mortality risk)
30
What is Hospital-Acquired (Nosocomial) Pneumonia (HAP)?
Defined as pneumonia occurring more than 48 hours after admission, which excludes infection that is incubating at the time of admission
31
What is Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)?
It is a nosocomial pneumonia in a patient who has been mechanically ventilated (by endotracheal tube or tracheostomy) for at least 48 hours at the time of diagnosis
32
What is Invasive Pneumococcal Disease?
• It is when pneumococcus gets into part of the body normally free of bacteria
33
What is called when Pneumococcus gets into the blood?
Bacteremia
34
What is called when Pneumococcus gets into the spinal fluid?
Meningitis
35
What is Legionnaires’ Disease? What is it caused by? Can bacteria be stained?
* It is a severe form of pneumonia * Caused by Legionella pneumophila * Gram-negative rod * Cannot be stained or grown using normal techniques
36
How is Legionnaires’ Disease transmitted?
* Transmitted to humans as a humidified aerosol | * Not person to person
37
What antibiotic is best for treating Legionnaires’ Disease?
Erythromycin is better than Penicillin
38
Complications of Pneumonia: Pleural Effusion
* Inflammation leads to exudation of fluid into pleural space * This can compromise lung function
39
Complications of Pneumonia: Empyema
* Purulent exudate in pleural space | * Necrosis/breakdown of visceral pleura and/or spread of infection into pleura
40
Complications of Pneumonia: Abscess / Cavitary Lesion
* Circumscribed focus of liquefactive necrosis within lung tissue * Associated with necrotising Staph or Strep infections or Gram-neg rods
41
Complications of Pneumonia: Pleural Adhesions/ Lung Fibrosis
42
What causes Pneumonia?
* Streptococcus pneumoniae | * Can also be caused by other bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.

Infection (21 decks)

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