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Personality Disorders > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the characteristics of Cluster B personality disorders ?

A
  • Dramatic
  • Emotional
  • Unpredictable (erratic)
  • Wild
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2
Q

What personality disorders belong to Cluster B ?

A
  • Borderline
  • Narcissistic
  • Histrionic
  • Antisocial
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3
Q

What are the different ways narcissism can manifest ?

A
  • A normal self-esteem regulation mechanism
  • A personality trait
  • An extreme form of self-esteem
  • Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) in DSM-5
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4
Q

How common is NPD in the general population ?

A

Around 1%, with a higher prevalence in men

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5
Q

How do people with NPD typically seek help ?

A

They often seek help for secondary issues like frustration, depression, or relationship problems rather than for NPD itself

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6
Q

What are the three main features of NPD ?

A
  • Grandiosity
  • Need for admiration
  • Lack of empathy.
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7
Q

How many criteria must be met for an NPD diagnosis ?

A

At least 5

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8
Q

How is NPD different from Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) ?

A

NPD has a more stable self-image, less impulsivity, and fewer abandonment concerns

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9
Q

How is NPD different from Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) ?

A

NPD shows excessive pride in achievements, less emotional display, and more disdain for others’ feelings

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10
Q

How is NPD different from Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) ?

A

Both lack empathy and can be exploitative, but NPD lacks impulsivity, aggression, and deceitfulness

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11
Q

What are the four key areas of personality impairment in NPD ?

A
  1. Identity: Fluctuating self-esteem, excessive dependence on others for validation
  2. Self-Direction: High or low personal standards based on entitlement or need for approval
  3. Empathy: Poor recognition of others’ needs, focus on others’ reactions only if relevant to self
  4. Intimacy: Superficial relationships that serve self-esteem regulation
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12
Q

What two pathological personality traits define NPD in the alternative model ?

A

Grandiosity & attention-seeking

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13
Q

How do people with NPD react to criticism ?

A

With intense anger, humiliation, or rejection

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14
Q

How do NPD individuals interact with others ?

A

They tend to be exploitative & lack empathy

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15
Q

How is self-esteem regulated in NPD ?

A

Through grandiosity & external validation (admiration, success, status)

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16
Q

What is the “narcissistic paradox” ?

A

Despite an inflated self-image, people with NPD feel empty & worthless without constant external validation

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17
Q

What is overt (grandiose) narcissism ?

A

Outward arrogance, entitlement & superiority with a strong need for admiration

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18
Q

What is covert (vulnerable) narcissism ?

A

Hidden feelings of entitlement & grandiosity with avoidance and hypersensitivity to criticism

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19
Q

What does Kohut’s psychodynamic theory suggest about NPD ?

A

NPD stems from a lack of empathetic parental responses, leading to a fragile self-structure

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20
Q

What does Kernberg’s psychodynamic model propose ?

A

NPD develops due to emotional deprivation, leading to a defense mechanism of grandiosity

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21
Q

What does Millon’s social learning model suggest ?

A

NPD results from excessive parental overvaluation, creating an inflated self-image resistant to change

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22
Q

What does the dynamic self-regulatory processing model explain ?

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A

Narcissists have high explicit but low implicit self-esteem, leading to defensive reactions like rage

23
Q

What does schema therapy propose about NPD ?

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A

NPD arises from early attachment trauma, leading to maladaptive coping strategies (self-aggrandizer or detached protector)

24
Q

How is NPD linked to suicide risk ?

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A

NPD individuals are 2.4 times more likely to attempt suicide, often due to narcissistic injuries and self-esteem regulation failures

25
How does NPD change over time ?
Maladaptive traits (e.g., hypersensitivity) tend to decrease over time, and improvement is associated with achievements, new relationships, and disillusionments
26
What are common self-report measures for NPD ?
- Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) - Five Factor Model Personality Disorder (FFM-PD) - Five Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI)
27
What interview-based assessments are used for NPD ?
- Diagnostic Interview for Narcissism - SCID-5-P & STIP 5.1
28
What are the main characteristics of Histrionic Personality Disorder ?
- Excessive emotionality - Attention-seeking - Theatrical expression of emotions - Superficial relationships - Seductive or provocative behavior - Self-centeredness - Dependency on others
29
What is the prevalence of HPD in the general population ?
1.84%, with higher rates in women
30
What are some historical terms for HPD ?
Hysteria, hysterical neurosis & hysterical PD
31
What personality traits are common in HPD ?
- Excitability - Emotional instability - Over-reactivity - Self-dramatization - Immaturity - Vanity - Dependence on others
32
Why is HPD controversial in research ?
Very few empirical studies focus on HPD, and it has conceptual overlap with BPD
33
How many criteria must be met for an HPD diagnosis ?
At least 5 out of 8
34
How do individuals with HPD behave in relationships ?
They may struggle with emotional intimacy, acting out roles like “victim” or “princess"
35
What are common comorbid disorders with HPD ?
- BPD - NPD - NPD - Substance abuse - Somatic symptom disorder - Major depression - Eating disorders
36
Is HPD considered a pathological disorder ?
Some researchers argue that HPD is neither a pathological nor a moral disorder
37
How significant is the impairment caused by HPD ?
HPD alone rarely leads to significant impairment
38
What is the relationship between HPD and Cluster B disorders ?
HPD is often comorbid with other Cluster B disorders and is less associated with ethical concerns compared to BPD & ASPD
39
According to the Alternative Model, what are the 4 areas of personality functioning impaired in HPD ?
- Identity - Self-direction - Empathy - Intimacy
40
What personality trait domains are considered in HPD under the Alternative Model ?
- Negative Affectivity (high emotional instability, anxiety, self-harm) - Detachment (withdrawal from social interactions) - Antagonism (self-importance, disregard for others) - Disinhibition (impulsivity, lack of future planning) - Psychoticism (eccentric behaviors, distorted thoughts)
41
How is HPD different from BPD ?
- HPD focuses on attention-seeking & theatrical emotions - BPD is marked by instability in relationships, identity, impulsivity & chronic emptiness - BPD includes self-destructive behavior & anger outbursts
42
How is HPD different from ASPD?
- Both are impulsive, superficial & manipulative - HPD manipulates for attention & nurturance - ASPD manipulates for personal gain, power, or material benefits
43
How is HPD different from NPD?
- Both seek attention, but NPD seeks admiration for superiority - HPD uses seduction & excessive emotions - HPD is more likely to act fragile for attention, while NPD avoids appearing weak
44
How is HPD different from DPD ?
- DPD relies on others for support but lacks flamboyance - HPD craves attention & dramatic validation - DPD needs guidance, while HPD needs to be the center of attention
45
Why is HPD considered more common in women ?
- Gender stereotypes may influence diagnosis - Women may be socialized to express emotions differently - Some argue HPD, ASPD & Somatization Disorder share an underlying diathesis but manifest differently based on gender
46
What disorders were rated as feminine in Boysen et al. (2014) study ?
- HPD - Eating disorders - Body dysmorphia - Orgasmic disorder.
47
What self-report tests assess HPD ?
- Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI-III) - Brief screening questionnaire (11 items by Ferguson & Negy, 2014) - MMPI: High Mania scores, low Social Introversion scores. - NEO-PI: High in Extraversion facets (Warmth, Gregariousness, Assertiveness, Activity, Excitement Seeking, Positive Emotions)
48
What structured interviews assess HPD ?
- SCID-5-P - STIP-5.1
49
Are there specific treatment guidelines for HPD ?
No, but therapies effective for BPD may help
50
What are the four main therapies used for HPD ?
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) - Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) - Schema Therapy (ST) - Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP)
51
What is the goal of Schema Therapy for HPD ?
- Teach patients to experience love without needing constant attention - Heal emotional deprivation and reduce impulsivity - Strengthen the healthy adult mode over attention-seeking behaviors
52
How is Cluster B pathology linked to violence ?
- Impulsivity and emotional instability can lead to aggressive or violent behaviors - Stalking is linked to rejection sensitivity and insecure attachment
53
What percentage of stalkers have a personality disorder ?
50%
54
What is Meloy’s theory on stalking ?
- Stalking is a result of attachment pathology - Rejection triggers maladaptive attachment responses - Stalkers struggle to let go due to fragile self-esteem

Personality Disorders (9 decks)

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