Lecture 6 Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the different aspects of memory?
- Explicit memory - conscious such as episodic memory > memory for specific events and semantic memory > general knowledge not tied to time or place
- Implicit memory - revealed by indirect tests such as procedural memory (knowing how, priming (changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience), perceptual learning (recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience and classical conditioning (learning about associations among stimuli)
What is involved in long-term memory?
- Declarative memory (hippocampus) which includes episodic and semantic memory
- Neodeclarative memory: procedural (basal ganglia), priming (neocortex), classical conditioning (amygdala cerebellum), habituation (reflex pathways)
What are the stages of memory?
- Acquisition/encoding (levels of processing, engagement, study time, information load)
- Retention/storage (retention interval, rehearsal, decay and interference)
- Retrieval (retrieval cues, encoding specificity, test method (recall/cued recall/recognition)
What is the subsequent memory effect?
Brain is involved in different activities in different stages. Some studies believe that different areas corresponding to different stages or that the area silences other areas instead of encoding.
Is encoding just copying?
No, as even in absent mindedness we forget stuff. If we just copied everything we saw, we wouldn’t forget.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Shallow processing of information that is not important and therfore not retained for long-term storage
What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Maintenance involves little while elaborative requires a lot about what-to-be remembered items mean, how they are related to one another and to other things you already know.
Whats the (3) levels of processing theory?
Intentions to learn have no direct causal effect on the quality of learning.
1. Representations in memory (learning) are automatic byproducts of information processing (memory traces)
2. Information processing passes shallow to deep aspects of material engagement
3. The quality of representations increases as material is processed at deeper levels and more actively engaged with
What is the self-reference effect?
When something is related to you, it is embedded easily into the deepest part of your memory. Information is deepened from structural to phonemic to semantic and to self-reference in that order.
How does complexity influence encoding?
With more complexity, we remember more as we have a greater picture, story and richer encoding.
How does understandability affect what you encode?
The more you understand, the more you remember
What is Transfer-appropriate processing?
Extension of levels of processing theory where whenver you get information in your system, getting it out the same way makes it easier to remember (i.e. easier to store information where type of processing during storage is the same process during retrieval)
What are the effects of context in memory performance?
If context matches retrieval with encoding, contextual aspects of the memory trace are automatically activated promoting successful retrieval.
What is the effect of internal context/state?
Internal state is also part of the mental context during learning and memory. Memory performance is therefore also influenced by the degree of similarity in internal states during encoding/retrieval. Mood dependency.
What is the influence of background noise?
Noise during studying is easily retrieved in the same noise during retrieval.
What is the idea surrounding situated learning?
While context reinstatement may be important, the effect size is small. Although, studying at the same place is beneficial.
What is the neural basis for context reinstatement effects?
It comes from spreading activation, an activation of items you need to retrieve something. The context has an association between different things (the pen, the paper, the words read etc.) When all of these things are activated, it is easier to reach the threshold and activate to remember.
Why does deep and elaborative encoding promote performance?
Deeper encoding gives rise to richer and more richly interconnected (integrated) representations. Such representations offer multiple retrieval paths (connections to retrieval cues that can be used to reactivate the memory representation by means of spreading activation.
What is retrieval success determined by?
The degree of overlap between information available during retrieval and information available during encoding/actually stored in memory.
What is the difference between recognition and recall?
Recall has an emphasis on the use of contextual retrieval cues to reactivate target information. Recognition has an emphasis on reactivating contextual information. Recall is typically more difficult.
What is the difference between implicit and explicit measures/tasks?
Explicit refers to previously learned information and requires conscious retrieval. Implicit does not refer to explicitly to previously learned information but can be expressed in or influence task performance. Often without awareness, like priming and procedural learning.
How does one misattribute implicit memory?
Due to people only having a broad sense of a stimulus being distinctive, they can misattribute memories. Such as with source confusion, illusion of truth etc.
Why do we have memory?
To have Rational Perspective:
1. Memory of the past is used to predict the future.
2. Memory is not a passive storage system but an adaptive data management system.
3. Memory is resource-limited and thus some shortcuts need to be taken.
4. Forgetting and more subtle memory errors may create occasional inconveniences in daily life but cannot be avoided: its a balance.
What is the phenomenon of relevance and natural environments?
Our brains are used to predicting things naturally occuring in relevancy in our lives.
