Lecture 6

Question 1

What are the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant drugs of choice for treating neonatal encephalopathy?

Answer 1

1. Mannitol
2. Vitamin C and E
3. Banamine
4. Magnesium

Question 2

What are (5) clinical signs of a seizure?

Answer 2

1. Twitching facial muscles
2. Tachypnea
3. Paddling
4. Repetitive eye blinking
5. Chewing movements

Question 3

What are 6 etiologies associated with seizure activity in the foal?

Answer 3

1. Meningitis
2. Sepsis
3. Intracranial trauma
4. HIE
5. Metabolic derangements (hypoglycemia, acidosis)
6. Developmental malformations (hydrocephalus)

Question 4

What is abiotrophy?

Answer 4

Where a structure was initially present but regressed.

Question 5

Cerebellar abiotrophy causes a progressive loss of ____ and ____ cells post-natally.

Answer 5

Purkinje and granular cells

Question 6

True or False: Foals with cerebellar abiotrophy are born with neurologic deficit.

Answer 6

FALSE - foals appear normal at birth and develop progressive neurologic deficits as they grow older (4-6 months)

Question 7

With cerebellar abiotrphy, foals develop ___ and ___ tremors.

Answer 7

Head and intention tremors

Question 8

With cerebellar abiotrophy, which response is deficient to absent?

Answer 8

Menace response

Question 9

Vestibular signs arise from fracture of 1 of which 3 bones?

Answer 9

1. Basisphenoid bone
2. Petrous temporal bone
3. Internal acoustic canal

Question 10

What is “shaker foal syndrome”?

Answer 10

Botulism

Question 11

What bacterium causes botulism?

Answer 11

Clostridium botulinum

Question 12

Is Clostridium botulinum gram (+) or gram (-)?

Answer 12

Gram (+)

Question 13

Is Clostridium botulinum aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 13

Anaerobic

Question 14

What are 3 routes of infection associated with Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 14

1. Oral ingestion of preformed toxin
2. Wound botulism
3. Ingestion of soil-dwelling organisms

Question 15

The presence of ___ ___ may predispose foals to development of toxicoinfectious botulism.

Answer 15

Gastric ulcers

Question 16

What is speculated to allow proliferation of C. botulinum within the GI tract of the foal?

Answer 16

Immature bacterial flora

Question 17

Clostridium botulinum elaborates a toxin that binds to what?

Answer 17

Motor end plates of the neuromuscular junction

Question 18

Clostridium botulinum elaborates a toxin that binds to motor end plates of the neuromuscular junction, preventing release of what?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Question 19

The severity of clinical signs associated with Botulism depends on the ___ of toxin ingested.

Answer 19

Amount

Question 20

What are the clinical signs associated with Botulism?

Answer 20

1. Dilated pupils
2. Weakness
3. Muscle tremors
4. Paralysis of the tongue
5. Milk dribbling from the mouth and nostrils

Question 21

Foals with ____ are bright and alert, are not systemically ill, and typically have minimal alterations in their CBC and biochemistry profile.

Answer 21

Botulism

“Shaker foal syndrome”

Question 22

What are 2 specific treatment options for Botulism?

Answer 22

1. Antitoxin

2. Potassium penicillin