Lecture 6 (Aerobic Respiration & Mitochondria)

Question 1

What are Anaerobes?

Answer 1

Anaerobes capture and use energy without Oxygen molecules in metabolism

Question 2

What are Aerobes?

Answer 2

Aerobes use oxygen to extract more energy from metabolism

Question 3

What are 3 important facts about mitochondria?

Answer 3

They’re a specialized organelle that uses oxygen for energy extraction

Were evolved from bacteria

Have their own genome and proteins synthesize mechanisms

Question 4

True or False?
Different cell types can have very different mitochondria structure?

Answer 4

True !!!

Question 5

True or False?
The size or number of mitochondria in the cell do not reflect the energy requirements in the cel

Answer 5

False !!!
The size or number DO reflect the energy requirements of the cell

Question 6

True or false?
Mitochondria cannot fuse together but can split into two

Answer 6

False !!!
Mitochondria can both fuse together and split a part

Question 7

What initiates the fission (splitting) of mitochondria?
What completes the fission?

Answer 7

the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) initiates the fission while recruited soluble proteins complete the fission

Question 8

What type of droplets provide mitochondria with raw materials for ATP production?

Answer 8

Fatty acids

Question 9

What are some other important produced substances mitochondria make?

Answer 9

Certain amino acids and heme groups

Question 10

What do mitochondria release and uptake inside of cells that’s important for activities?

Answer 10

Calcium Ions

Question 11

What is the general structure of mitochondrial membranes?

Answer 11

An outer and inner membrane

the Inner membrane has two major domains called the inner boundary domain and outer domain

Question 12

what resides in the inner boundary membrane domain? what is it’s purpose?

Answer 12

a large amount of proteins to import mitochondrial proteins

Question 13

What is the composition of the outer domain?

Answer 13

a series of sheets called cristae

Question 14

What does the Cristae house?

Answer 14

The Cristae has all the components needed to produce ATP formation and aerobic respiration

Question 15

What are the 2 membranes of mitochodria and where are they located?

Answer 15

The Matrix - within the interior
Intermembrane Space - between the outer and inner membrane

Question 16

What are the 2 things contained in the Mitochondrial Matrix?

Answer 16

Ribosomes
Several molecules of circular DNA for RNA and protein production

Question 17

What is the composition of ATP? What is the process of releasing energy?

Answer 17

an Adenine
an Ribose
3 phosphate groups (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)

Dephosphorylation

Question 18

what is phosphorylation and what does it require?

Answer 18

the addition of a phosphate group to AMP and ADP

it requires energy

Question 19

What is the function of electron carriers?

Answer 19

Bind high and carry high energy electrons between compounds

Question 20

What is Oxidation? What is Reduction?

Answer 20

Oxidation removes electrons from a molecule
Reduction adds electrons to a molecule

Question 21

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 21

The first pathway to breaking down glucose for energy

Question 22

What occurs in Glycolysis?

Answer 22

the Glucose 6 carbon ring is split in (2) 3-carbon rings.
2 ATP is used and 4 ATP is gained

Question 23

What is Fermentation and when does it occur?

Answer 23

an alternative process in which the product of glycolysis is used to regenerate NAD+. Occurs when there’s an insufficient oxygen supply

Question 24

What is the TCA?

Answer 24

A Cycle in which the product of glycolysis is converted to a 2 carbon chain, then combined with a 4 carbon chain to form citrate, which is then oxidized to 2 CO2 and a the 4 carbon chain which is then reused.

This creates FADH2 and NADH which is then used to form ATP

Question 25

What is the process of ATP formation from FADH2 and NADH?

Answer 25

high energy electrons are passed from FADH2 and NADH to electron carriers of the Electron Transport Chain Causes the movement of Protons (H+) back into the cell 3 ATP formed for NADH and 2 ATP for FADH

Question 26

What is the definition of Oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 26

When ATP formation is driven by energy released from electron removal

Question 27

What is the difference between strong oxidizing and strong reducing agents?

Answer 27

Strong oxidizing has a high affinity for electrons Strong reducing has a weak affinity for electrons

Question 28

What is the electron donor at complex 1 and 2?

Answer 28

NADH complex 1 FADH complex 2

Question 29

What is a Flavoprotein? what is an example?

Answer 29

Polypeptides bound to FAD or Flavin NADH

Question 30

What is a Cytochrome?

Answer 30

Electron carrier with heme-groups of Fe or Cu metals Changes in oxidative states results in accepting or loss or electrons

Question 31

What are Three cooper atoms?

Answer 31

A single protein complex that alternates between Cu2+ and Cu3+

Question 32

What are Ubiquinone?

Answer 32

lipid-soluble molecule made of 5 Carbon units

Question 33

What are Iron-Sulfur Proteins?

Answer 33

linked to proteins at cysteine residues

Question 34

How do the Electron Carriers interact with one another in the Electron Transport Complexes?

Answer 34

Each carrier is reduced by the previous and oxidized by the one following

Question 35

What is the Final electron accepter of the Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 35

O2, which is reduced to water

Question 36

What does complex 1 do?

Answer 36

Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH

Question 37

What does complex 2 do? What prevents radicals from forming?

Answer 37

feeds lower energy electrons from FAD Heme group prevents radicals from forming by attracting escaped electrons

Question 38

What does complex 3 do?

Answer 38

Further catalyzes the transfer of electrons

Question 39

What does Complex 4 do?

Answer 39

Catalyze O2 reduction. each O2 reduced causes 4 protons (H+) to make water and 4 protons (H+) to move into the membrane

Question 40

What does the proton gradient cause?

Answer 40

a pH different or gradient between the inside and outside of the cell A separation of charge across the membrane (electric potential)

Question 41

Describe the origin, structure, and functions of the membranes and matrix of the mitochondrion. ▪ Outline the function of glycolysis, fermentation, the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. ▪ Explain how the transport of electrons down the respiratory chain leads to the formation of a proton gradient. ▪ Explain how translocation of protons can establish a proton-motive force.