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BIOSCI107 > Lecture 6: CSF > Flashcards

Lecture 6: CSF Flashcards

1
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms 1 or more cells

Cell = basic unit of structure and organisation

All cells arise only from pre-existing cells

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2
Q

Universal similarities between cells (I)

A

ATP as energy source

DNA = heritable material, RNA messanger, Proteins = workers

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3
Q

Universal similarities between cells (II)

A

Major cellular organelles - functions and arrangements within the cell

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4
Q

The central dogma

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

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5
Q

Prokaryote cell vs eukaryote cell (similarities)

A

Both have: plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, RNA, protein and ribosomes

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6
Q

eukaryote cell

A

have membrane-bound & organelles are much larger

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7
Q

Prokaryote cell

A

lack a membrane-bound nucleus

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

everything inside the plasma membrane (organelles).

NOT including the NUCLEUS

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9
Q

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

A

Cytosol - water + dissolved & suspended substances (ions, ATP, proteins, lipids)

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10
Q

Major organelles include

A

Mitochondria
ribosomes

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11
Q

Major organelles include

A

endomembrane system:

nucleus
endoplasmic reiculum (smooth and rough)
golgi apparatus
lysosomes

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12
Q

endomembrane system

A

along with the plasma membrane, they work together to package, label and ship molecules

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13
Q

Cell diagram

A
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14
Q

Plasma membrane

A

is a selectively permable barrier controlling (spbc)the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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15
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A

Double later of phospholipids with embedded proteins

Physical barrier separating the inside/outside of cell

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16
Q

Plasma membrane function

A

Much of our body = hydrophilic (water loving)

Fats = hydophobic

Fats in cell membrane provide a barrier to water

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17
Q

Plasma membrane diagram

A
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18
Q

Phospholipid

A

Hydrophilic polar heads (phosphate)

Hydrophobic lipid tails (fatty acids)

arranged as a double layer around cytoplasm, tail to tail

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19
Q

Phospholipid Diagram

A
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20
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

mediate movement of hydrophilic substances

allow cell-cell identification and facilitate intercullular communication

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21
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

are often amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

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22
Q

Plasma membrane proteins

A

Integral Proteins

peripheral membrane proteins

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23
Q

Integral Proteins

A

embedded (partially/fully) into the membrane

eg; transmembrane proteins are integral membrane proteins that fully span the entire membrame, contacting both extracellular and cytoplasmic areas

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24
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

associated with the membrane. but not actually embedded in it

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25
What do protein membranes do (I)
Transport Enzymatic activity signal transduction
26
What do protein membranes do (II)
Cell-cell recognition intercellular joining attatchment to cytoskeleton and ECM
27
Transport
channels, transporters, may be general/selective, gated/or not
28
Enzymatic activity
carry out chemical reaction, may/may not be a part of a team of enzymes
29
Signal transduction
External signaling molecule causing communication of information to the inside of the cell
30
Cell-cell recognition
glycoproteins (carbohydrate + water) as molecular signatures of the extracellular side of the cell
31
Intercellular joining
Gap junctions/tight junctions
32
Attatchment to the cytoskeleton & ECM
fibronectin mediates contact between cell surface integrins and ECM (eg; collagen) can move
33
Membranes
are not static
34
Membrane (I)
is a mosaic of molecules bobbing a fluid bilayer of phospolipids
35
Membrane (II)
cell specific and dynamic repertoire of membrane bound proteins present as required
36
Nucleus (I)
The largest distinct structure inside the cell entry and exit through nuclear pores
37
Nucleus (II)
Enclosed by double lipid bilayer called nuclear envelope, continuous with rough ER
38
Nucleolus
rRNA production, assembly of small & large subunits of ribosomes
39
Nucleus functions (I)
house/protect DNA make RNA and assemble ribosomes
40
Nucleus functions (II)
Pores regulate movement of substances (eg; protein & mRNA) in and out molecule segregation to allow temporal and spatial control of cell function
41
Deoxyribonucleuic acid (DNA)
wrapped 2x around group of 8 histones --> form nucleosomes - collectively known as chromatin
42
As the cells prepare for cell division
chromatin condenses --> form chromatin fibres, condenses further into loops --> stacks as chromosomes
43
Most of the time
DNA is present as chromatin and chromatin fibres
44
Chromosomes
many genes
45
gene
DNA segment that contributes to phenotype/function
46
Ribosomes
2 subunits small and large made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in complex with many proteins
47
rRNA made in
nucleolus
48
Subunits assemble in the
nucleolus leave through nuclear pores
49
Ribosomes function (I)
protein production (translation), found in 2 places in cell
50
Ribosomes function (II)
free in the cytoplasm - making proteins to be used in cytosol (non-endomembrane destinations)
51
Ribosomes function (III)
attatched to the RER - making non-cytosolic proteins/endomembrane
52
Endoplasmic reticulum
The ER is an extensive network of tubes & tubles, stretching out from the nuclear membrane
53
Endoplasmic reticulum types
Rough ER Smooth ER
54
Rough ER Major function is Production of:
secreted proteins membrane proteins organelle proteins (smo)
55
Rough ER (continuous, dotted)
continuous with nuclear envelope dotted with attached ribosomes
56
Rough ER (proteins, surrounds)
Proteins enter lumen within the rough ER for folding surrounds the protein to form transport vesicles destined for the golgi
57
Smooth ER functions
vary greatly from cell to cell - very cell/tissue-type specific
58
smooth ER examples
liver & muscles
59
smooth ER (extends, lacks)
extends from the rough ER lacks ribosomes: doesnt make proteins
60
Smooth ER (major, synthesizes)
major function is as a housing unit for proteins and enzymes synthesizes as lipids, including steriods and phospholipids
61
Smooth ER (storage)
storage of cell-specific proteins, not all cells make all proteins
62
Golgi apparatus
receiving and modifying, the "warehouse"
63
Golgi apparatus (3-20)
3-20 falttened memranous sacs = cisternae, stacked on top of one another (pita bread)
64
Golgi apparatus (functions)
modify, sort, package & transport proteins received from the rough ER using enzymes in each cisternae.
65
Golgi apparatus (formation of)
Secratory vesicles (proteins for exocytosis) membrane vesicles (PM molecules) transport vesicles (molecules to lysosome)
66
Golgi Apparatus: to destination (each, proteins)
Each sac or cisternae contains enzymes of different functions proteins move cis to trans from sac to sac
67
# tus Golgi Apparatus: to destination (mature, travel)
mature at the exit cisternae travel to destination
68
Golgi Apparatus: to destination (modifications)
modifications occur within each sac (formation of glycoproteins, glycolipids and lipoproteins)
69
Golgi Apparatus: to destination (endomembrane)
endomembrane system can be a well travelled phospholipid
70
Lysosomes
Contain powerful digestive enzymes
71
Lysosomes (vesicles, rest)
vesicles formed from golgi membrane rest of cell protected by membrane
72
Lysosomes (membrane)
membrane proteins punp H+ in to maintain acidic pH
73
Lysosomes (function, I)
function is digestive of: subtances that enter a cell important in destruction of pathogens
74
Lysosomes (function, II)
cell components e.g. organelles - autophagy entire cells - autolysis
75
Lysosome (once)
once digested, al building blocks (amino acids, lipids, etc) recycled
76
Mitochondria Main function
generation of ATP through cellular resipiration carry a separate small (37 genes) genome encoding mitochondrial specific products
77
Mitochondria is made up from (outer, inner)
Outer mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane, with folds called cristae
78
Mitochondria is made up from (fluid)
fluid filled interior cavity, called the mitochondrial matrix
79
Mitochondria (the more, NOT)
the more energy a cell requires, the more ATP it must make, and the greater the # of mitochondria present) NOT in endomembrane system
80
Cytoskeleton
Strucutral support system of the cell
81
Cytoskeleton (fibres)
fibres or filaments that help maintain size, shape and inegrity of the cell.
82
Cytoskeleton (act, involved)
act as a scaffoldung across the cell involved in intracellular transportation and cell movement
83
3 types of fibres (smallest --> largest)
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
84
Cytoskeleton microfilaments (made, found)
made = actin, 2 long chains, twisted found in periphery and lining the interior cell
85
Cytoskeleton filaments (function; bear)
Bear tension & weight by anchoring cytoskeleton to plasma membrane, and promote amoeboid motility if required (eg; macrophage)
86
Cytoskeleton filaments (function; assembled)
Assembled and disassembled as required - they are dynamic
87
Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments (made, found)
made of different materials; keratin found in cytoplasm of the cell
88
Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments (function; bear, act)
Bear tension and weight throughout cell; eg, during cell anchoring act as scaffold for cellular organelles; eg, nucleus
89
Cytoskeleton: intermediate filaments (usually)
most permanent of cytoskeletal strucutres - less dynamic
90
Cytoskeleton: microtubules (made, coiled, extends)
made from tubulin dimers (alphas and beta) coiled, to form a tube extends from centriole into cytoplasm/nucleus
91
Cytoskeleton: microtubules (functions; supp, guide)
support cell shape and size guide for movement of organelles
92
Cytoskeleton: microtubules (functions; chromosome, supp and)
chromosome organization - cell division supp and movement of cilia/flagella
93
Cytoskeleton: microtubules (functions;
assembled and desembled as required; are dynamic

BIOSCI107 (9 decks)

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