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Infection > Lecture 6 - HIV (Blood Borne Diseases) > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - HIV (Blood Borne Diseases) Flashcards

1
Q

If HIV goes untreated what usually occurs?

A

AIDS Develops leading to death

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2
Q

If Hep B and Hep C go untreated what usually develops?

A

Liver Cirrhosis

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3
Q

What unusual infections tend to develop as a result of untreated HIV?

A

Oral candidiasis
Kaposi’s sarcoma
PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia)

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4
Q

What is Oral candidiasis?

What are its signs?

A

Its oral thrush
Causes white spots/patches on tongue, cheeks, gums and throat

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5
Q

What is Kaposis sarcoma?

A

Type of cancer caused by Human Herpes Virus 8

Cancer grows in skin or mucous membranes of GI tract
Red/purple lesions on skin form

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6
Q

What is PCP?

A

A serious fungal infection of the lungs causing pneumonia (fluid build up in the lungs)

Caused by Pneumocysitis jirovecii

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7
Q

What type of infections are common in patients with HIV/AIDS?

A

Reactivated viruses
Yeast infections
Mould infections
Protozoan infections

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8
Q

What is the outcome of HIV infection?

A

NO CURE
Chronic infection but Treatment in place to hopefully avoid disability

DEATH IF UNTREATED

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9
Q

What type of virus is HIV?

A

Retrovirus

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10
Q

HIV is a retro virus:
What does this mean in terms of its genetic information?

A

It has Single stranded RNA

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11
Q

What cells does the HIV virus target?

A

Cells with CD4 receptor
(Normally T cells)

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12
Q

Which cells in the body have the CD4 receptor?

A

IMMUNE CELLS

T-helper lymphocytes
Macrophages
Monocytes

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13
Q

What enzyme does HIV use once its invaded a cell with a CD4 receptor?

A

Reverse transcriptase

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14
Q

What is the function of reverse transcriptase?

A

Convert the single stranded RNA into double stranded DNA

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15
Q

How does HIV cause damage to CD4 cells and therefore the body?

A

Binds to CD4 receptor on cell
Invades cell
Its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase
The viral DNA combines with cells DNA
Chains of viral proteins now produced by cell
Viral proteins leave cell taking membrane with t
Virus goes on to infect more cells
REDUCES NUMBER OF IMMUNE CELLS IN THE BODY

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16
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Contact of infected bodily fluids itch mucosal tissue/broken skin/blood:

-Sexual contact
-Blood transfusion
-Contaminated needless
-Perinatal transmission

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17
Q

How can perinatal transmission occur?

A

Cross from placenta to child
During delivery via infected birth canal
Infected breast milk

18
Q

What are the 4 stages of HIV infection?

A

Primary infection
Latent infection
Symptomatic infection
Severe infection/AIDS

19
Q

What happens to viral load and CD4 cell count in primary infection?

A

CD4 count drops as viral load rapidly increases

Once immune system starts destroying HIV, CD4 count recovers and Viral load drops

20
Q

What happens in the latent infection stage?

A

Remaining HIV begins slowly destroying CD4 cells causing their levels to slowly fall

Viral load now begins to slowly increase

21
Q

What happens in the symptomatic infection stage?

A

CD4 cell levels are rapidly dropping due to more and more HIV viruses destroying them

First opportunistic infection occurs at this stage or recurrent infections begin

22
Q

What happens in the severe infection/AIDS stage?

A

CD4 cell levels extremely low

23
Q

What are the symptoms of Acute HIV infection?

A

Very non specific symptoms so:

If someone has flu like symptoms and a possible exposure to HIV think HIV

24
Q

What happens to the bodies vulnerability to infections as CD4 cell levels drop?

A

Increases and severity of infections increases

25
Q

What tends to happen when CD4 cell count drops below 200cells/microlitre?

A

Severe infections
AIDs defining symptoms and cancers linked with HIV/AIDs

26
Q

What factors affect HIV transmission?

A

Type of exposure (Type of sexual act, needlestick or mucous membrane?)

Viral load (Higher = more likely infection)

Condom usage

Any breaks in skin or mucosa

27
Q

What is the 90:90:90 HIV target?

A

90% of all people should be aware of their HIV status
90% of all positive individuals should be on treatment (antiretrovirals)
90% of these people on treatment should have an undetectable viral load

28
Q

If HIV is detected early is life expectancy dramatically affected?

A

No as long as CD4 cell count is preserved enough and patient adheres to treatment

29
Q

What are the 3 types of HIV tests?

A

Serology
PCR
Rapid tests

30
Q

What is tested for in serology test for HIV?

A

Antigens (HIV proteins)
Antibodies (made by body in response to virus)

Normally HIV antigens since body takes a while to begin producing antibodies against the virus

31
Q

What is tested for in PCR for HIV?

A

Detects viral nucleic acid

32
Q

What is tested for in rapid testing for HIV?

A

Detect HIV antibody

33
Q

What is the advantages of serology testing for HIV?
And disadvantage?

A

Can detect positive 4 weeks after infection
Results on same day
May get false negative

34
Q

What are the advantages of PCR HIV testing?

A

Highly sensitive
Detects infection after a few days

35
Q

What are the disadvantages of PCR HIV testing?

A

Expensive
Slow

36
Q

What are the advantages of Rapid tests for HIV?
1 disadvantage

A

Very fast
If negative = accurate

May get false positive

37
Q

Who should be tested for HIV?

A

Everyone of the rate exceeds 2 in 1000 in a population

Also if people have certain other infections

38
Q

What can different types of Anti-Retroviral drugs do?

A

Prevent viral entry in CD4 cell
Inhibit reverse transcriptase
Inhibit enzyme (Integrase) that integrates the transcripted viral DNA into the cell

39
Q

Why are multiple ARVs usually given to a patient?

A

The virus rapidly develops resistance so multiple drugs makes it harder for the virus to survive

40
Q

What are the strategies for treating and reducing HIV prevalence?

A

Increase condom use
ARV
Widespread testing and screening
Test all pregnant women
Post expose prophylaxis and Pre exposure prophylaxis

41
Q

What are some ethical dilemmas with HIV?

A

Stigma
Harming unborn baby
Patient confidentiality vs:
-Health of
Mother
Unborn child
Sexual contacts
Older child
Risks to patients and staff

Infection (21 decks)

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