Lecture 6: Human Population and Demographics Flashcards
(42 cards)
who said, “If we do not take charge of our population size, then nature will do it for us.”
David Attenborough
Human populations during the stone age were __.
▫ All density-dependent growth limiting factors applied:
- low
- Competition for food
- Availability of water
- Risk of predation
- Spread of disease
▫ About __, Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa into the __.
- 130,000 years ago
- Fertile Crescent
Several geographic factors made Fertile Crescent an ideal birthplace of civilization. What are those?
- Geographic bridge between Asia, Europe, and Africa.
- Proximity to the Mediterranean moderated temperatures and increased precipitation.
- Floodplains were rich in nutrients deposited from the rivers.
First Agricultural Revolution
▫ Transition from __ to __.
- __ loosens up soil for planting.
- __ is the selection of human-desired traits in domesticated species.
- hunting and gathering ; cultivating food, fiber, and other animal and plant products
- Plowing
- Breeding
What the Industrial Revolution?
Transition from an rural, agrarian society to an urbanized
one dominated by machine manufacturing.
Industrial Revolution: Accompanied by several important medical discoveries:
- Germ Theory: Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.
- Vaccines: Injections of dead and weakened viruses to prevent disease.
- Antibiotics: Chemicals that selectively kill bacteria.
- Water treatment: Filtration and chlorination of water to remove microorganisms and toxins.
years before present:
10,000?
7,000-6,000?
2,000?
0?
- low population - Agriculture reduced the impact of food availability as a growth limiting factor.
- low population - - Population grew at a fixed, or consistent rate, of about 0.1% per year.
- increasing population - Modern medicine reduced disease as a growth limiting factor.
- increased population - Population grew exponentially – an increasingly rapid rate.
estimates how long it will take a population to double in size at its current growth rate. What’s the formula?
- doubling time
- doubling time = 70 / (Current % Growth Rate)
As growth rate __, doubling time __ proportionally
increases; decreases
measures how long an average newborn will live.
Life expectancy
▫ Life expectancy is most influenced by __– is the number of infant (less than 1 year old) deaths per __ births
- infant mortality rate
- 1,000
life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 1900
- F 36; M 34
- F 18; M 23
- F n/a; M n/a
life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 1950
- F 53; M 51
- F 20; M 24
- F 3; M 4
life expectancy, age at marriage, years in school in 2000
- F 71; M 67
- F 23; M 26
- F 6; M 8
A fertility rate of 2.1 is __ and will result in a stable population
replacement level
the average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.
Total fertility rate
the total value of goods and services produced per year, per person.
GDP per capita
__ can be a misleading indicator of quality of life in a country because it is missing many other factors: Positive and Negative
- GDP per capita
- Positive
▫ Infrastructure
▫ Rate of volunteering
▫ Ecosystem services - Negative
▫ Income inequality
▫ Pollution
▫ Impacts of climate change
▫ Crime
United States is __ in GDP per capita (adjusted for cost of living) but __ in the social progress rankings
- # 8
- # 28
when people move into an area, increasing population.
immigration
when people leave an area, decreasing population.
emmigration
▫ __ show the distribution of age groups separated by male and female.
Population pyramids
different types of population pyramids
- initial stability
- rapid growth
- stabilizing growth
- negative growth
