Lecture 6- Introduction to neuroanatomy

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

• Brain and spinal cord
• Cerebellum

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

• The peripheral nervous system refers to parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
• It includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions

Question 3

motor neurone

Answer 3

Motor neurons (motoneurons) carry signals from the central nervous system to the outer parts (muscles, skin, glands) of your body

Question 4

sensory neurone

Answer 4

Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of your body (periphery) into the central nervous system.

Question 5

Interneurons

Answer 5

connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord.

Question 6

what is the forebrain

Answer 6

• consists of everything on top of the brainstem. Can be divided into the cerebrum and the diencephalon (hypothalamus, thalamus- deep structures)
  
  • Grey matter
  • Cortex
  • Sulci and gyri
  • Fissures
  • White matter

Question 7

• Brainstem

Answer 7

consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla

Question 8

• Cerebellum

Answer 8

found just behind the brainstem

Question 9

forebrain is in charge of

Answer 9

conscious awareness

Question 10

cerebral hemispheres and cortex

Answer 10

• Grey matter (cortex of cerebrum)
  
  • High density of cell bodies
  • Folded into sulci (dip)and gyrae (ridge)
  • Fissures deep sulci
    
    • Longitudinal (separates 2 hemispheres)-
    • Lateral fissure (sylvian)
      
      • Not as deep as longitudinal
• White matter
  
  • Density packed axons of the neurones- white due to myelination

Question 11

white and grey matter in the spinal cord

Answer 11

more white matter than grey matter- on the periphery intead of central

Question 12

Certain gyri, sulci and fissures separates hemisphere into lobes

• 4 key lobes

Answer 12

• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital

Question 13

mid saggital view of the brain

Answer 13

Question 14

longitudinal fissure

Answer 14

Question 15

zoom in to the see the brain stem and more internal brain structures

Answer 15

Question 16

why is orientation terminology neuroanatomy different to the rest of the body

Answer 16

orientation terminology of neuroanatomy is described as if humans (like other animals such as fish and lizards) have a straight CNS

In such animals the terms “rostral”, “caudal”, “ventral” and “dorsal” mean respectively towards the rostrum, towards the tail, towards the belly and towards the back.

Question 17

neuroais is felxed at the level of the

Answer 17

midline 9flexure

Question 18

meaning that anterior means

Answer 18

ventral

Question 19

posterior means

Answer 19

dorsal

Question 20

superior means

Answer 20

rostral (think nostril)

Question 21

inferior means

Answer 21

caudal

Question 22

the brainstem is in charge of

Answer 22

primitive neurological functions

Question 23

function of the midbrain

Answer 23

• Eye movement
• Reflexes on pupils in response to light

Question 24

The pons

Answer 24

• Feeding centre (trigeminal nerve)
• Sleep centre

Question 25

**Medulla oblongata**​

Answer 25

* Cardiovascular centre * Respiratory centre

Question 26

pairs of cranial nerves leave the brainstem

Answer 26

Question 27

frontal lobe function

Answer 27

* violuntary motor control * speech production * social behaviour * impulse control * higher cognition, thinking * sexual urgers

Question 28

temporal lobe function

Answer 28

* language * emotion * long term memory * sense of smell * hearing * taste

Question 29

parietal lobe function

Answer 29

somatosensory percpetion spatial awareness

Question 30

occipital lobe function

Answer 30

visual perception

Question 31

cerebellum function

Answer 31

co-ordination and motor learning

Question 32

pre-central gyrus

Answer 32

in the frontal lobe= primary motor cortex

Question 33

the primary motor cortex

Answer 33

Motor cortex has the fundamental function to control voluntary movements, including integration of motor commands with the ongoing somatic sensory state of the body.

Question 34

post-central gyrus

Answer 34

primary somatosensory cortex

Question 35

The primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 35

each region is highly connected to other areas of the brain, allowing the somatosensory cortex to have numerous functions, including representation of the body, tactile attention, sensorimotor integration, and the processing of painful stimuli, empathy, and emotion.

Question 36

infeiror view of hemisphere

Answer 36

* **Uncus found in the temporal lobes** * **Olfactory information**

Question 37

uncus and rise in intracranial pressure

Answer 37

* When there is a rise in pressure in the skull the uncus can herniate- uncal herniation * Risk 3^rd cranial nerve (oculomotor)- dysfunction and clinical signs and symptoms

Question 38

**Primary motor cortex (pre-central gyrae) and primary somatosensory cortex (post-central gyrae)**

Answer 38

Question 39

topographical representation of the body

Answer 39

* Head and neck- more lateral * Arm and leg- near the longitudinal sulcus

Question 41

* The primary motor cortex in one hemisphere, is responsible for motor control in the ...............side of the body

Answer 41

contralateral (the other side) * Paths must cross at the level of the medulla

Question 42

spinal nerve shave

Answer 42

uni-cortical control (supply one side of the body)

Question 43

outline the cortical relationship between the primary motor corex and the spinal nerves

Answer 43

Pathways connecting primary motor cortex (on one side) with spinal nerves controlling the limbs (on one side) * **Decussate** (cross) to the opposite side of the level of the **lower medulla** * Cortical control of limb movement is from one primary motor cortex, which is contralateral

Question 44

cranial nerves cortical control

Answer 44

cranial nerve have dual cortical control

Question 45

dual cortical control of the cranial nerves

Answer 45

* Cranial nerves are also contralateral- but decussate at the pons instead of the medulla (at the motor nuclei it will synapse at) * While there is contralateral primary motor cortex involvement, there is also input from the ipsilateral motor cortex (most cranial nerves have input) (we don’t see this with spinal nerves, just cranial nerves) **(contralateral will always have dominant control- ipsilateral only comes into control when something happens to the dominant contralateral pathway e.g. stroke)**

Question 46

corpus callosum

Answer 46

that ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other.

Question 47

lateral ventricles

Answer 47

The right and left lateral ventricles are structures within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid, a clear, watery fluid that provides cushioning for the brain while also helping to circulate nutrients and remove waste.