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Biochem > Lecture 6- Nutrition > Flashcards

Lecture 6- Nutrition Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

approximately what is the percentage of water in the body?

A

60%

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2
Q

What are the energy contents of carbohydrates, proteins, fat and alcohol?

A

Carbs- 4 kcal/gram
Protein- 4 kcal/gram
Fat- 9 kcal/gram
Alcohol 7 kcal/gram

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3
Q

1 kcal is equal to how many kilojoules?

A

4.2 kj

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4
Q

Vitamines facilitate energy release. T/F

A

True

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5
Q

What are the 13 organic vitamins, separate water soluble and fat soluble.

A

Water soluble- B1,2,3,5,6,7,9,12, C

Fat soluble- A, D, E, K

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6
Q

What is the over/under for being considered a “major” mineral?

A

100 mg/day

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7
Q

What is EER?

A

Estimated Energy Requirement; average dietary energy intake predicted to maintain an energy balance in a healthy adult

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8
Q

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR); details and % of daily energy

A

Energy expended in a resting, post absorptive state
Energy required for normal body functions
50-70% of daily energy expenditure
(Basal Metabolic Rate- BMR)

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9
Q

Thermic Effect of Food; what is it and % energy it uses per day

A

Production of heat during the digestion and absorption of food.
5-10% to total daily energy expenditure

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10
Q

Physical Activity; what is it and % of daily energy

A

Muscular activity

A sedentary person requires about 30-50% more than the resting caloric requirement

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11
Q

What are the Acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for adults?

A

45-65% Carbohydrates
20-35% Fat
10-35% Protein

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12
Q

Undernutrition can lead to what effect in the mouth?

A

Bleeding gums

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13
Q

What is the goal for nutrient density in foods?

A

High density; most nutrients for the least calories

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14
Q

With limited research; which diet seems to decrease some of the leading causes of death?

A

Vegetarian

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15
Q

What diet led to the lowest BMI?

A

Vegan

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16
Q

What major Vitamin is lacking in many vegetarian diets?

A

Vitamin B12

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17
Q

Some key features to food labels

A

Calories are in kcal
% of daily value based on 2000 kcal/day intake
Ingredients listed in descending order by weight
A “9” in front = organic

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18
Q

Are vitamins essential or nonessential molecules?

A

Essential;

They can only be obtained from the diet

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19
Q

What is the only fat soluble vitamin with a coenzyme function?

A

Vitamin K

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20
Q

What type of vitamins are released, absorbed and transported with the fat of the diet?

A

Fat soluble vitamins;

significant quantities stored in the liver and adipose tissue

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21
Q

T/F; The more vitamins you take, the better the effects get

A

False; There is an optimum amount to be reached and beyond that is detrimental

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22
Q

What is the name of vitamin B1?

A

Thiamine

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23
Q

What easily destroys Thiamine (B1)?

A

Heat

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24
Q

What is the name of vitamin B2?

A

Riboflavin

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25
What easily destroys Riboflavin (B2)?
UV light
26
What is the name of vitamin B3?
Niacin
27
What is the name of vitamin B5?
Pantothenic Acid
28
What easily destroys Pantothenic acid (B5)?
Food Processing
29
What is the name of vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
30
What easily destroys Pyridoxine (B6)?
Heat
31
What is the name of vitamin B7?
Biotin
32
What is the name of vitamin B9?
Folic Acid
33
What easily destroys Folic Acid (B9)?
Heat and Oxygen
34
What is the name of vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
35
What easily destroys Cobalamin (B12)?
Microwave
36
What easily destroys Vitamin C?
Heat and Oxygen
37
What coenzyme is Thiamine a part of?
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP); E1 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
38
What are Thiamine (B1) deficiencies?
Beriberi- affects nervous system or cardiovascular system (polished rice is primary component of diet) Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome- apathy, loss of memory (chronic alcoholism)
39
Where does Riboflavin (B2) serve as a coenzyme?
``` Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) ```
40
Riboflavin (B2) deficiencies?
Cheilosis- fissuring at corners of the mouth | Glossitis- tongue appearing smooth and purplish
41
What are the coenzyme forms of Niacin (B3)?
NAD and NADP
42
Deficiencies of Niacin (B3)?
Pellagra- disease of the skin, GI tract and CNS | *symptoms: Dermatitis, Diarrhea and Dementia (3Ds)
43
What is Pantothenic acid (B5) a part of?
Part of coenzyme A
44
Pantothenic acid (B5) deficiencies?
not well characterized in humans
45
What are the three forms of Pyridoxine (B6) and what is it a precursor of?
Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine | precursor of the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
46
PLP is used in the synthesis of ....?
Catecholamines; dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
47
What is the only water soluble vitamin with significant toxicity?
Pyridoxine (B6)
48
What are pyridoxine (B6) deficiencies?
``` Scaly dermititis anemia depression confusion convulsions ```
49
Where is Biotin (B7) used?
part of a coenzyme used in carboxylation rxns; | ex: biotin coenzyme in acetyl CoA carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis of acetyl CoA to Malonyl-CoA
50
Biotin (B7) deficiencies?
Rare
51
Where is Folic acid (B9) found?
primary coenzyme form is Tetrahydrofolate (THF); | *used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation
52
Folic acid (B9) deficiencies?
``` Anemia Spina bifida (spinal chord outside of column) and anencephaly (incorrect brain formation) *probably most common vitamin deficiency in U.S. (especially among pregnant women and alcoholics) ```
53
Where is Cobalamin (B12) used?
Used in new cell synthesis
54
Cobalamin (B12) deficiencies?
Pernicious anemia
55
What is needed for Cobalamin (B12) to be absorbed?
Intrinsic Factor (IF) in the intestine must bind to it so it can be absorbed from the lumen of the gut
56
What is another name for Vitamin C?
Ascorbic acid
57
What are some functions of Vitamin C?
Aids in collagen synthesis (hydroxylation) Antioxidant Strengthens resistance to infection Helps in iron absorption
58
Vitamin C deficiencies?
Scurvy
59
What are some symptoms of Scurvy in the mouth?
Sore and spongy gums | Loose teeth
60
What is Vitamin A a collective term for?
Retinoids | Carotenoids
61
Vitamin A functions...
Vision Reproduction Maintenance of epithelial tissue *Bone and tooth growth*
62
Vitamin A deficiencies
Night blindness Xerophthalmia- dry eyes, lack of tear production Keratomalacia- softening of the cornea
63
Another name for Vitamin D?
Calciferol
64
Functions of Vitamin D?
Mineralization of bone
65
What vitamin is synthesized in the body with the help of sunlight?
Vitamin D
66
Vitamin D deficiencies?
Rickets (children)- inadequate calcification resulting in mishhapen bones Osteomalacia (adults)- poor bone mineralization Osteoperosis (adults)- Loss of calcium (results in fractures)
67
Another name for Vitamin E?
Tocopherols
68
Functions of Vitamin E?
Antioxidant
69
Vitamin E deficiencies?
Red blood cell breakage | Nerve damage
70
Another name for Vitamin K?
Phylloquinone and | Menaquinone
71
Functions of Vitamin K?
Synthesis of blood clotting proteins | Synthesis of bone proteins
72
Vitamin K deficiencies?
Hemorrhaging
73
What are the Major minerals?
``` Ca P K Na Cl Mg S ```
74
Are minerals indestructable? Y/N
Yes
75
Functions of Sodium
Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance | Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
76
Sodium deficiencies
muscle cramps mental apathy loss of appetite
77
Functions of Calcium
Mineralization of bone and teeth | Muscle contraction and relaxation
78
Calcium deficiencies
``` Stunted growth in children Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults ```
79
Functions of Phosphorus
Mineralization of bones and teeth | Important in genetic material
80
Phosphorus deficiencies
Muscular weakness | bone pain
81
What trace mineral reduces dental caries by 50-70%?
Fluoride
82
A lack of this trace mineral results in anemia
Iron
83
These trace minerals are essential for the management of sugar metabolism
Zn Cr Mn
84
This trace mineral is a component of thyroid hormones; its absence can lead to a Goiter
Iodine
85
What % of body fat is FAT?
87%
86
1 kg is equal to how many pounds?
2.2 lbs
87
1 meter is equal to how many inches?
39 inches
88
What is the equation to calculate BMI?
Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight (kg)/ height (m)^2
89
What are the BMI ranges?
BMI 40 = Extreme obesity
90
What are the % of body fat that men and women want to be under, respectively?
young men: 22%, over 40: 25% | young women: 32%, over 40: 35%
91
What are the two types of fat distributions and which is bad?
Visceral fat- upper body fat --> leads to heart disease; BAD | Subcutaneous fat- hips and thighs; harmless
92
What are three main health risks associated with body weight and body fat?
Cardiovascular disease Diabetes- Type II Cancer
93
When does fat cell development occur?
When energy in exceeds energy out
94
when energy out exceeds energy in, fat cell size decreases, or the number of fat cells decreases?
Fat cell size decreases; | there is no change in cell number
95
What enzyme aids in efficient storage of triglycerides from the blood into adipose tissue and muscle cells?
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
96
Which is the opposite of Lipoprotein lipase (LPL)?
Hormone sensitive lipase (HPL); acts to release triglycerides from storage for use
97
After weight loss activity, does lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity increase or decrease?
increases; | making regain of weight relatively easy
98
What protein does the obesity gene, ob, code for?
Leptin
99
What is the opposite of Leptin?
Ghrelin
100
What does Leptin do?
Suppresses appetite | Increases energy expenditure
101
Do most obese people have a Leptin deficiency or a Leptin resistance?
Leptin resistance | obese people have actually been found to have more leptin
102
This protein is found more in lean people and inhibits inflammation and protects against insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease
Adiponectin
103
What are the 3 main eating disorders? Describe them
Anorexia nervosa- intense fear of gaining weight Bulimia nervosa- episodic binge eating followed by purging and/or fasting and excessive exercise Binge eating- constantly binge eating with little or no purging of diet

Biochem (8 decks)

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