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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 6 - Social and Emotional Brain 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Social and Emotional Brain 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an emotion?

A

A mental and physiological state that guides our behaviour. Inherent survival value

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2
Q

What is Mentalising?

A

Inferring / attributing another person’s mental state

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3
Q

What is Mirroring?

A

Sharing the mental states of others

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4
Q

What is a mood?

A

Emotional state that has extended over a long time

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5
Q

What is Darwin’s Theory of emotion?

A

Emotions are innate - form of communication through changes in posture, facial expressions etc.

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6
Q

What is Ekman’s (1972) basic emotions theory?

A

Expressions, voice intonation, body movement are all the same for 6 basic emotions cross culturally - for survival

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7
Q

What was Ekman’s study?

A

New Guinea tribe members recognised western facial expressions and VICE VERSA

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8
Q

What are the 6 basic emotions?

A

Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger

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9
Q

What is the ID’s role in emotions - Freud

A

Primitive urges - basic emotional needs for survival
Emotions are unconscious biases that drive behaviour

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10
Q

What is James-Lange Theory of emotions?

A

Physiological responses to stimuli cause emotions
Stimulus -> Automatic arousal behavioural response (sweating then running away) -> feedback from organs and muscles involved cause emotions (fear)

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11
Q

What did Schacter & Singer, 1962 drug study find to contradict James-Lange

A

A drug causing physiological changes did not lead to emotions. However, presence of a specific setting (an angry or happy man) lead to emotions.
The dry increased emotion but did not create

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12
Q

What is Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions?

A

Stimulus -> activity in Thalamus -> emotion (fear) -> physiological changes (sweating)
Emotion occurs first then bodily reaction produced

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13
Q

What is the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1996)

A

Somatic markers are bodily responses associated with emotions that help us make decisions (unconscious).

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14
Q

How does the Somatic Marker Hypothesis work?

A

Stimulus -> physiological response -> Interoception (ability to interpret internal bodily senses) -> brain retrieves stored emotions associated to this -> decision making

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15
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

Old emotional system proposed by Papaz
Circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex

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16
Q

What does the Theory of Constructed emotions propose? - Feldman-Barret (2017)

A

There are no distinct emotional categories - emotions are constructed based on experiences.
Interaction between 3 components:
- Core affect
- Conceptual knowledge
- Situational context

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17
Q

What is Core Affect (Theory of Constructed emotion)?

A
  • The basic psychological and physiological state that underlies emotions.
  • Pleasantness or Unpleasantness.
  • High arousal or Low arousal (calmness).
  • Foundation of emotions influenced by internal and external cues.
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18
Q

What is Conceptual Knowledge (Theory of Constructed Emotions)?

A

Emotions constructed though application of knowledge - cognitive schemas, cultural beliefs, social learning (experiences)

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19
Q

What is Situational Context (Theory of Constructed Emotions)?

A

External stimuli, social cues, environmental factors, cultural norms that can all influence emotions

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20
Q

What brain areas linked to Core Affect?

A

Medial Temporal Lobes, Cingulate and Orbitofrontal Cortex

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21
Q

Basic Emotion Theory V.S Theory of Constructed Emotions

A

BET - emotions are innate (same 6 basic emotions)
TCE - emotion are dependent on experience and context - constructed

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22
Q

What do lesions to the Orbitofrontal cortex entail?

A

Poor social functioning, lower empathy, less embarrassment and guilt - experience less MORAL emotions

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23
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Almond shaped mass of gray matter, buried bilaterally in anterior portion of temporal lobes

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24
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

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A

Neurological disorder - caused by bilateral amygdala and temporal lesions

25
What are features of Kluver-Bacy syndrome?
- Hyperorality: tendency to examine objects with their mouth, can sometimes explore others inappropriately - Visual agnosia: Difficulty recognising familiar objects / faces - Emotional changes: Blunt or reduced expression of emotions, lack of empathy or fear - Hypersexuality or excessive eating
26
What is LaBar et al. (1998) electric shock study?
Learning a fear response to electric shock with neutral stimuli = fMRI showed amygdala activation Skin conductance response and amygdala activation correlates with conditioned fear responses
27
What are Skin Conductance Responses?
Anticipatory skin responses - measures autonomic arousal and emotional processing without conscious awareness
28
Amygdala lesions and Skin Conductance Responses
Fail to show SCR but can verbally learn ASSOCIATION
29
Hippocampus lesions and Skin Conductance Responses
SCR present but they cannot recall association
30
What is the role of the Amygdala?
Conditioned fear response
31
What is the role of the Hippocampus?
Declarative memory for associations
32
Patient DR - amygdala damage
Bilateral amygdala damage impaired recognition of fear expression in faces - could imagine faces of famous people but not emotional expressions
33
Morris et al. (1996) - fMRI study of amygdala
Fearful faces activates left amygdala Happy faces activate different brain areas Amygdala's involvement in FEAR
34
Amygdala activation in the brain
Threatening stimulus -> Visual Thalamus -> Visual Cortex -> Amygdala -> Fear Response -> Physiological Changes
35
Phobias and amygdala activation - Ohman & Soares (1994) study
Images of spiders or snakes presented to PPT with with spider or snake phobias PPTs did not report seeing the images but SCR was measured - EMOTIONAL RESPONSE Fast subcortical route from Thalamus to Amygdala = FAST RESPONSE TO THREAT
36
What is the role of the amygdala with other emotions (not just fear)?
- Involved in learning positive associations - Pleasant and unpleasant smells
37
What is the Insula?
A part of the Cerebral Cortex covered by the Temporal Lobe
38
What activates the Insula?
Disgust
39
What is interoception?
Sensory system that monitors internal bodily states
40
What is the role of the Orbitofrontal cortex?
Computes how rewarding the stimulus is in the current context Important for social interactions and emotional regulation
41
What did Small et al. (2001) find in there chocolate study - Orbitofrontal cortex
- PPTs ate chocolate between gaps of functional imaging - Chocolate started off pleasant - motivated to eat it - This decreased after a while - This change in pleasure is linked to Orbitofrontal cortex activity
42
What causes activity in medial regions of the Orbitofrontal cortex?
Pleasure and reward
43
What causes activity in the lateral regions of the Orbitofrontal cortex?
Unpleasantness / punishment
44
What is reverse learning / extinction?
Learning that previously rewarding stimuli is no longer rewarded
45
Where is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?
Above the corpus collosum, medial surface of each hemisphere
46
What is the dorsal region of the ACC involved in?
Executive functions
47
What is the ventral region of the ACC involved in?
Emotional processing
48
What is the role of the ACC?
- Motivation, cost and benefits of actions - reward or punishment - Processes bodily signals that characterise emotions - Output of bodily responses
49
What is the role of the ACC in pain regulation?
- Activity in the ACC when watching someone in pain - Singer et al., 2004 electric shock study - Physical pain and social pain
50
What is the role of the ACC and social exclusion? - Eisenberger et al. (2003)
fMRI study - 3 conditions in a ball game (inclusion, exclusion and justified exclusion) ACC activity correlated wit the subjective distress of social exclusion
51
What is the Ventral Striatum?
Part of the Basal Ganglia, includes nucleus accumbens (involved in limbic circuit)
52
What is the role of the ventral region of the ventral striatum? - Nucleus Accumbens
Brain's reward system and plays a crucial role in motivation, reinforcement, and emotional processing. EMOTIONS
53
What is the Limbic Circuit?
Network of structures involved in emotions - EMOTIONAL BRAIN
54
What brain areas are part of the limbic circuit?
Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Cingulate cortex, Prefrontal cortex (Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex)
55
What is the dopaminergic system?
Neural system that uses dopamine as major neurotransmitter - linked to substance abuse
56
What did Knutson et al. (2001) Monetary reward study find?
fMRI activity in ventral striatum when PPT received great money reward - linked to dopamine release too
57
Predicted VS actual reward and ventral striatum activation
Activity is greater when the reward is better than expected If no reward - activity drops below baseline
58
How do people with ASD show deficits in social reward?
Deficits in social communication and interaction Social brain network (ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala) is functionally and structurally different

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