Lecture 6: Systemic Features of Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
(32 cards)
What regulates temperature/fever?
Preoptic area of hypothalamus (autonomic nervous system)
What does a higher temperature do in fever?
Enhance metabolism of neutrophils / inflammatory cell function, kill bacteria (?), increase phagocytosis (?)
What is nonpyrogenic hyperthermia?
Regulatory set point unchanged; physiologic mechanisms can’t dissipate heat
What causes nonpyrogenic hyperthermia?
Heat stroke (temperatures), increased head production, exercise/seizure/metabolic disorders, malfunctioning regulatory center (CNS lesion)
What is pyrogenic hyperthermia?
Change in thermoregulatory set-point in hypothalamus
Macrophages stimulated to release IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (endogenous pyrogens) –> local production of PG in hypothalamus
What are examples of pyrogens?
Toxins from bacteria, inflammation, immune response, cancer, some pharmacologic agents, viruses
What is thought to be a life-threatening fever?
Above 105.8 F
Adverse effects of fever:
Inactivity, anorexia, discomfort, seizures
What does acetaminophen do?
Block COX-3
- Reduce fever centrally in hypothalamus
- Inhibit central pain signals in brain
Works faster than ibuprofen for fever
What does ibuprofen do?
- Decrease inflammation, and therefore pain
What causes lymphadenitis?
Inflammatory mediators, debris, infectious organisms draining into nodes
What is lymphangitis?
Inflammation of lymphatic channels; characterized by red streaks
What are acute phase proteins?
Proteins that appear in plasma early in inflammation; not normally present, or present in low amounts.
IL-1, TNF, and IL-6 increase production of these in the LIVER.
List some examples of acute phase proteins.
Fibrinogen, serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, C3, haptoglobin
What is C-reactive protein?
Bind to cell surfaces to increase binding of complement proteins/bacteria
- activate alternative pathway
- indicate chronic inflammation
What inhibits inflammatory reaction?
alpha1-antitrypsin
What is serum amyloid A (SAA)?
Acute phase protein, may be involved in secondary amyloidosis (chronic diseases)
What is increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate?
Red cells fall more quickly with settling of blood in inflammation
- presence of increased fibrinogen
Indicator of chronic inflammatory disease (like lupus)
What is leukocytosis?
Increases in leukocytes (primarily neutrophils) in infection (primarily bacterial, sometimes infarction)
What are reasons for leukocytosis?
- Marginated cells are stimulated by IL-1, TNF, IL-6 (and IL-8)
- Increase in synthesis (CSF)
- Early release from marrow (immature - bands)
Lymphocytosis is seen in _______
viral infections
Leukocytosis is a _____ fold increase usually seen in _____ hours
2-3; 72
What is the numerical mark for leukocytosis?
Total white count > 10,000
Neutrophils > 80% (8000)
Increase in bands (
What does an increase in eosinophils look like and mean?
Allergies/parasites
> 5% of differential count or >500 per microliter
