Lecture 7

Question 1

Extraneous variable

Answer 1

-a variable other than the independent and dependent variables

Question 2

What is manipulation of the independent variable

Answer 2

• changing the variable so that different groups are exposed to different levels of the variable or so that the same group is exposed to different levels of the variable

Question 3

Two types of manipulation

Answer 3

• single factor two-level design
• single factor multi level design

Question 4

How do you deal with extraneous variables?

Answer 4

• try and ensure it is held constant to reduce the “noise” it produces

Question 5

Confounding variable

Answer 5

• extraneous variable that differs systematically with the independent variable

Question 6

Between-Subjects Design

Answer 6

• each participant only tested in one condition
• participants randomly assigned so that groups are as similar as possible

Question 7

Random Assignment

Answer 7

Two criteria
- each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each condition
- sequence of assignment to each group is completed before any of the previous groups is repeated ( persons 1,2, and 3 assigned to conditions 1,2, and 3 respectively)

Question 8

Matched Groups

Answer 8

• participants in the conditions are matched based on the dependent or some extraneous variable
• helps control for extraneous variables

Question 9

Within-Subjects Design

Answer 9

• each participant is tested under all conditions
  -controls extraneous participant variables well

Question 10

Simultaneous Within-Subjects Designs

Answer 10

• participants make multiple responses in each condition

Question 11

What is meant by Validity?

Answer 11

• whether the study is accurate

Question 12

Internal validity

Answer 12

• the extent to which a piece of evidence supports a claim about cause and effect (in context of this experiment)

Question 13

External Validity

Answer 13

• the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized outside of the study to other situations, people, times…

Question 14

Construct Validity

Answer 14

• degree to which a test measures what it should be measuring

Question 15

Statistical Validity

Answer 15

• the extent to which the conclusions drawn from a statistical test are accurate and reliable

Question 16

Pilot Test

Answer 16

• small-scale study conducted to make sure that new procedure works as planned

Question 17

3 Categeorical Types of Research

Answer 17

• Retrospective
• Prospective
• Compilation

Question 18

CEBM Level of Evidence Rankings

Answer 18

1. Randomized controlled trials
2. Cohort studies
3. Case-control studies
4. Case Series
5. Anecdotal evidence/Case-based reasoning/Expert Opinion

Question 19

CEBM Grades of recommendation

Answer 19

• recommends the level of confidence for the evidence to be incorporated into clinical practice

Question 20

Types of bias in peer review

Answer 20

• gender bias
• bias against less prestigious institutions

Question 21

Predatory journals

Answer 21

• pay to publish
• can see unprofessionalism on page
• rapid publication is promised

Question 22

Infodemic

Answer 22

• vast amount of information spread during a disease outbreak

Question 23

VAERS

Answer 23

• database where people can report post-vaccination health issues