Lecture 7 Flashcards
What is metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions
Catabolism
Anabolism
Catabolism vs anabolism?
Makes energy
Big to small to release energy
Need energy
Small to big using energy
What is ATP?
Quick accessible energy that is released by phosphate group
ATP -> ADP + Pi / AMP+ Pi / AMP+PPi
What occurs in an oxidation/reduction reaction?
Oxidation - Loses an electron
Reduction - gains an electron
LEO say GER
Occur simultaneously
What occurs in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reaction?
NAD+ (oxidized) -> NADH + H+ (reduced)
Is an electron carrier by breaking 2H+ from organic molecule to oxidize and takes H+ + 2e- + H+
What is the collision theory?
All are in continuous motion and collision causes chemical bonds to break and form products
Activation energy - small amount to start reaction (NEED)
How can we increase reaction rate during collision theory?
Temperature
Pressure
Enzymes
To influence more movement and reduce energy level needed
What is the role of enzymes?
Catalysts to lower activation energy required in reactions and 1 billion times faster
Is not direct contribution to reaction
What is a carbohydrate catabolism?
Breaking of carbs to release energy
Most popular is glucose
What are the two ways to catabolize glucose?
Cellular respiration - O2 present 32ATP
Fermentation - no o2 and less efficient 2ATP
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis -> CAC -> ETC
1) split of glucose to make 2 pyruvate (no O2) 2ATP
2) pyruvate enter CAC -> acetyl coA -> 4CO2
2 ATP/ 6 NADH + H / 2 FADH2
3) Electrons from NADH go to ETC -> joins O2 to make H2O making 2.5 ATP each = 32 ATP
1.5 ATP per FADH
What occurs during fermentation?
No O2
Glycolysis -> 2 ATP + 2 pyruvate -> alcohol/ Lactic acid
Alcohol - pyruvate -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol = 2 ATP
Lactic acid - pyruvate -> lactic acid = 2 ATP
What uses alcohol and lactic acid fermentation ?
Yeast fungi and some bacteria
Many bacteria. Perfect for food production
What are the 3 primary energy sources?
Carbohydrates - polysaccharides -> sugars -> glucose -> glycolysis ~~
Lipids - fatty acids and glycerol by lipase enzyme -> glucose -> glycolysis ~~
Proteins - amino acids by proteases -> glucose -> glycolysis ~~
What are anabolic reactions?
Anabolism =biosynthesis
Starting point in glycolysis and CAC for amino acids/ lipids/ nucleotides (AKA precursor metabolites)
What are the two types of energy sources?
Chemical -> chemotrophs
Light -> phototrophs
How are organisms classified based on their nutritional needs?
What is their source of energy?
What is their source of carbon?
What are the types of energy sources?
Chemical energy (chemotrophs -> organic/ inorganic) or light energy (phototrophs)
Light energy (phototrophs)
What are the types of carbon sources?
Organic -> heterotrophs (sugars)
Inorganic -> autotrophs (CO2)
What are the two types of phototrophs?
Photoautotrophs - light to make ATP by CO2 through photosynthesis
Photoheterotrophs - light to make ATP by organic carbon in food
What are the two types of chemotrophs?
Chemoautotrophs - use CO2 for energy from reduced inorganic molecule reactions (H2, CO)
Chemoheterotrophs - use organic reduced molecules for energy (animals, fungi, Protozoa, bacteria)
