Lecture 7 and 8- Zimbabwe And Natural Resource Managment

Question 0

What does sen describe substantive freedoms as? (Sen, 1985)

Answer 0

Ability to engage (in politics, economic transactions etc)

Question 1

What were Sen’s five components in assessing capabilities?

Answer 1

1) the importance of real freedoms in assessment of a persons advantage
2) individual differences in the ability to transform resource into valuable activities
3) the multi variate nature of activities giving rise to happiness
4) a balance of materialistic and no materialistic factors in evaluating human welfare
5) concern for the distribution of opportunities within society

Question 2

What where some of the issues with development programmes? (Booth 2011)

Answer 2

They often reflect what ministers and parliaments in donor countries have to say (little practical knowledge and experience in context)

They are concerned with liberal democratic ideology and NOT context

Question 3

What is the African power and politics programme (APPP)? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 3

They are concerned with what works in the context of Africa (best fit governance)

Challenges assumptions that have influenced leaders and intellects in Africa

Question 4

Why has there been a shift from ‘best practice’ to ‘best fit’? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 4

There is not institutional templates that are valid for every country at every state- rather the right approach to governance

Question 5

What is ‘best fit’ according to the APPP? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 5

Building on existing institutional arrangements that have recognisable arrangements

A shift from direct support to facilitating local problem solving

Question 6

What do ‘best fits’ involve? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 6

Do not import from a generic concept of good practice

Usually practical hybrids (professional, scientific, with moral economy practices)

Question 7

What factors should donors consider when funding in self help initiatives?(Booth, 2011)

Answer 7

Money needs to be directed correctly, thus the initiatives need to be both technically sensible and locally anchored to be more efficient

Question 8

What were some of the compromises that Booth discusses in the ‘best fit model’? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 8

Democracy is desirable in the long term but not the route to better public policy in the short/median term

Can act as a distraction for the main goals

(Think about Changs discussion on corruption)

Question 9

What is clientism? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 9

Buying votes during elections. An example of where democracy isn’t the ‘best practice’

Power hungry politicians buying votes from poor

Question 10

What are the fundamental requirements for best practice to work? (Booth, 2011)

Answer 10

1) understanding the prevailing institutional arrangements

2) what works well for development rather then applying prefabricated norms and expectations

Question 11

Less than perfect standards if transparency are acceptable as long as there is….

Answer 11

Peace

Development is visible and benefits to all society

Question 12

Why has ‘best fit’ come under scrutiny?

Answer 12

Aid agencies under pressure to disburse funds and show the results

But adapting the programme individual locations takes time

NGOs and donors cannot make many changes on their own

Question 13

What are some of the solutions for the problems of ‘best fit’?

Answer 13

Rather then making propensities for each individual country why not make propositions for particular types of context

Question 14

Why is collective action important to understand in relation to natural resource management? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 14

Deeply embedded int culture, history and Argo-ecological conditions

Ever changing and adapting

People create social continuity and moral order through institutions

Question 15

Why are mainstream institutions not enough when trying to understand NR? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 15

More to it then technical and economical and political spheres

Impossible to detangle private action, formal, informal management

New institutions are legitimised by referencing existing ones

Question 16

Why is it important to understand cultural institutions? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 16

Resource optimisation- cooperating and helping to ensure compliance

Potentials and limits of negotiability and innovation

Helps understand why rules are upheld or broken

Helps understand how it should be implemented (booth ‘best fit’) and maintained

Question 17

Where did cleaver (2012) conduct her studies?

Answer 17

Nkayi, Zimbabwe - Mtswirini

Question 18

Various rules are in place for the water pump, do they work for the people? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 18

Yes! Despite drought and extreme pressure on the pump these arrangements seems to be relatively effectiv

Question 19

What are some of the maintenance rules? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 19

Keep it clean

Those who constructed it can access water twice a day

Water to be used for domestic purposes only

Rationing rules are applied during dry seasons

Question 20

How are these rules and regulations for water pump established? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 20

Various cultural/ economic and institutional factors. Complex embedded approach (peters 1987)

Question 21

What was granovetters (1992) argument?

Answer 21

Flexible conceptualisation of embeddness involving the importance of networks of personal relations in shaping action

Question 22

How does (Cleaver, 2012) define institutions?

Answer 22

Suggests that institutions are partial,intermittent and often invisible,, being located in the daily interactions of ordinary lives

Question 23

How does Giddens 1984 suggests institutions gain there leg impact?

Answer 23

Survive partly to the legitimacy bestowed by tradition, the moral command of what went before over the past

Question 24

What was the -invisible institution' for the nkayi people? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 24

Shangani river (45min walk from the well)

Question 25

How was the shangani river a 'invisible institution'?

Answer 25

Like the well there were accepted systems of rules governing use at the river, these practices resembled the rules that went in at the well

Question 26

How did (Cleaver, 2012) explain the similarities in rules in the shagnai river and the nkayi well ?

Answer 26

The political history of planned resettlement meant the people were moved inland, taking there moral ecological practices with them

Question 27

What are some of the examples where the rules for the river and the well were the same?

Answer 27

Conditional access Water was for domestic use Preserving the quality

Question 28

What were some of the 'formal' institutions managing the well?

Answer 28

In line with national policy the well was managed by the 'water point committee' Line is only connected twice a day forcing all to collect water at the same time and allows regulation The well was dug up by a NGO

Question 29

Give a brief history on the water access for the nkayi people. (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 29

Troubled history of water access (droughts, low rainfall, war etc) Forced migration n 1940-50s during political instability

Question 30

How has the troubled political history of the nkayi impacted well management?

Answer 30

Constrain their willingness to provide collective labour and volunteer for positions of authority Political conflict mean that people have deeply embedded preferences to avoid confrontations (Think about sen 1985 and human agency in the capability approach, freedom to engage)

Question 31

How has the history of droughts had an impact on current regulation

Answer 31

Long experiences of drought has emphasised the importance of people maintaining access to a variety of sources And being very careful with water use

Question 32

Is current traditions take same as previous traditions?

Answer 32

No past experiences shape rather than determine Modified by negotiations and practice People do not accept everything that went on before

Question 33

Through using past experiences, current negotiations and various forms of institutions, what is achieved?

Answer 33

The most natural and desirable process (best fit) | This is not to suggest that this is always strategic, rather as a place based identity and social status

Question 34

Give an example of where a traditional Norm has been changed and adapted from (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 34

Traditional no one was to be excluded from water use, but in reality people are excluded (the people that are not from the area) There are rules for time of water access but expecting are made

Question 35

(Cleaver, 2012) discusses when exceptions are made for water access for a woman, why did this occur?

Answer 35

She had many children and was unable to access pump during hours She was seen to be a hard working individual No one disputed it

Question 36

(Cleaver, 2012) argues that when rules are adapted and negotiated it is often what?

Answer 36

Not water access that is negotiated rather notions of authority, rights and citizenships and gender roles

Question 37

Why is community decision making important for the community (practice)?

Answer 37

Collective decisions ensure collective compliance Consequences will also be for everyone (fence needs fixing- will need to be fixed or no one gets water) Lessens the need to monitor and sanctions

Question 38

Is collective community based decisions easily achieved?

Answer 38

No- very laborious decision making process, meetings go on for hours (Rather than having opaque, non confrontation meetings)

Question 39

There is a danger of over romanticising the process, what are some of the problems with these ways of management ?

Answer 39

Some actions are only achieved because they are over looking the underlying differences and inequalities Less powerful members of the community are unable to express dissent (Scott 1985)

Question 40

Who are the various actors and 'institutions' in negotiations and decisions making? (5 points)

Answer 40

1) traditional chiefs 2) modern systems of authority (ward, village district chairman) 3) new players (teachers, nurses) 4) supernatural and religious beliefs 5) community norms

Question 41

How do they come to an agreement?

Answer 41

Drawing on the past legitimises the present Reflecting back on the war and cooperation between people

Question 42

What is the moral ecological framework?

Answer 42

Paying attention to the moral meanings and values attached to human environment interactions and the exercise of power

Question 43

Why is looking at the moral community important?

Answer 43

Moral fundamental in orientating human action (Hyden, 2006) Exercise of power is often legitimised or challenged within moral rather than functional frames of references Many African societies in an ecological ethnic is embedded with physical, spiritual, and social,landscape Moral motives are central to human agency

Question 44

Bricolage is important, why?

Answer 44

Water management would have been impossible within rigid boundaries- there needs to be a flexible application if rules It is constructed not through leaders and authority, rather a wider system of the 'right way of doing things' Linking human action with natural and supernatural environments

Question 45

Why has there been actors in negotiating statehood? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 45

Societies copying with limited statehood and political turmoil in the 1990s Saps and democratisation and decentralisation = local centres Prolonged absence of the political state

Question 46

Is the idea that the state are external to society a correct assumption? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 46

No- a wide range of actors, state officials and non state actors are involved in both cooperation and competition

Question 47

Is legitimisation important for state an non state actors? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 47

Yes, they both need to appear legit but have different legitimisation strategises.

Question 48

Is there one power in negotiating state hood? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 48

No- domination in never or rarely exerted exclusively by one power (even the poor have power- Scott 2011)

Question 49

Resources can be both tangible and intangible assets such as...(Hagmann and Peclard, 2010

Answer 49

Bureaucratic capacities Knowledge Control over violence International networks etc etc

Question 50

How do resource determine who has power? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 50

Resources vary proportionally amounts different groups p, this determines who has power

Question 51

What are some of the ways to legitimise and gain popular support? (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 51

``` Good governance Human rights Democracy Anti western ideology Religious and cultural ideologies Nationalism ```

Question 52

What are the limitations of managing stuff (resources etc) (Hagmann and Peclard, 2010)

Answer 52

The process of negotiating Resources (accessing and being able to use them) And conflicting actors

Question 53

What are mainstream institutions approach to development at the local level? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 53

Main stream institutions disagree with states being involved in locals in community level action

Question 54

Describe Zimbabwe between the years 1990 and 2010.

Answer 54

Decline in reputation and characterised as the worst African state Despite thins developments in infrastructure, child mortality etc But the decade was a huge hault for for development over all

Question 55

From the late 1990s what other factors impacted the Zimbabwe economy and development? (7 reasons)

Answer 55

Government turned bankrupt after paying war veterans in 1997 ($50 000 each) SAPS Fees for health and education HIV endemic (economical stress on families) Political conflict with the emergence of the opposition movement in the 90s 2000/2001 (following the disputed elections) international sanctions were imposed on the regime (donor agencies only provide bare minimum aid) = economic collapse hyper inflation, political oppression, brian drain 2008 elections- violence, shortage of food break down of infrastructure

Question 56

How was 2010 a turning point in Zimbabwe?

Answer 56

A government of national unity was established Zimbabwe dollar was abandoned = improved the availability of goods

Question 57

What problems does Zimbabwe still face?

Answer 57

Rehabilitation of infrastructure, economy and political system was going to be a long-term challenge Slow progress on political governance

Question 58

The district of nkayi was also impacted since 1990, what were some of the impacts/ changes? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 58

1992 suffered droughts Withdrawal from the donor community= setbacks Nkayi district never reflected the national trajectory of post independence development (was a marginal area) Water sector reforms (catering to the everyone across the water boundaries) stakeholder participation Zimbabwe principle was to redress colonial injustices so it was those who were previously disadvantaged that were helped p

Question 59

The changes an politics occurrences in the 1990s did what to water resource management ?

Answer 59

The need for self reliant creativity was imperative Necessity to demonstrate the legitimacy of their impoverished arrangements

Question 60

What were some of the issues that cleaver identifies in nkayi? (Political/ institutions)

Answer 60

Village development communities collapsed due to political strife Rural district council just began to revive after years down due to lack of funding

Question 61

What were some of the issues that cleaver identifies in nkayi? (General problems)

Answer 61

1 out of 81 dams that actually stored water 80% of boreholes were dysfunctional 31% sanitation coverage Shortage of skills to manage pump maintain ace (out migrated)

Question 62

What were the impacts for the people of nkayi?

Answer 62

Households relying on remittances (SA and Bostwana) High dependency ratio Aids death Food relief was stopped

Question 63

During national decline and crisis, how have social institutions of resource management continued at village level? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 63

A borehole built by the community known as 'creche' was maintained (fenced, collected funds for)

Question 64

The what was the difference between the 90s and 2010 between management of water?

Answer 64

The collection of fees. Previously was thought to be universal access Drought and development policy advocated 'community ownership'

Question 65

Have there been problems with this 'fee collection method? (Cleaver, 2012)

Answer 65

Yes- people have opposed and resisted calling in their human rights Some thought the no exception rule was inhumane (old woman with orphaned grandchildren) But exceptions were made Main argument that is made is the over riding jurisdictional reach and how rules should be applied equally and impersonally

Question 66

But there was no sanctions for not paying, why?

Answer 66

People needed to get use to the new system Ethically and constitutionally wrong to exculde people

Question 67

How did they get people to pay then?

Answer 67

Persuasion ( traditional headmen and elders were requested to persuade people to pay) Patriarchal nature Found that poorer people were more ready to pay then the richer ones

Question 68

Where were the funds for the borehole put?

Answer 68

After the hyper inflation and change in the currency when all savings were frozen, people lost faith in banks Money was put in a plastic bag with a piece of paper writing the sum on it

Question 69

Rules were regarded as flexible and varied according to circumstances rather than upheld impersonally and swiftly, why is this a food feature?

Answer 69

Certain amount of reduction in confrontations

Question 70

There were concerns for public accountability therefore...

Answer 70

Institutional arrangements were transparent and legitimate (treasurer would be accompanied when counting the money)

Question 71

What old arrangements remained?

Answer 71

Whole community meetings

Question 72

Did mainstream institutions (like the Red Cross who set up the borehole) do?

Answer 72

Proposed models of consensus (new ways to manage the water)

Question 73

Old traditions + model of consensus meant what?

Answer 73

Shifted norms

Question 74

Give an example where norms had shifted

Answer 74

Committee proposed a constitution In the 90s there was a great effort to incorporate everyone into the meetings But by 2010 they agreed that the constitution should be made even if all households were not present

Question 75

Why were they agreeing to having meetings without every household being present?

Answer 75

Significant out migration Adult mortality Stresses of securing living during economic crisis To be taken seriously the community need to respond to NGOs quickly (remember booth 2011)

Question 76

The constitutions held various stamps on it, why was this ?

Answer 76

Reflects anxiety about shifting balance of power in politically unstable contexts The need to demonstrate legitimacy for public meetings

Question 77

Whilst the constitution did introduce new fees the main things stayed the same...what stayed the same?

Answer 77

Underlying principle of conflict resolution to ensure peaceful relations Constant concern for respect The headman and elders would still try solve problems

Question 78

There was also continuity of authority in social relations...

Answer 78

Committee chair members where children of of former chairman

Question 79

What were the changes in authority and linage?

Answer 79

1990s a variety of people holding offices related to state were publicly prominent in authorities decision making 2010 - traditional authorities figure dominated (political troubles)

Question 80

Give an example of where externally imposed institutions don't fully integrate into the community

Answer 80

VIDCO

Question 81

There was a shift in moral rationalities by 2010 compared to 1990s, give example s

Answer 81

Despite droughts the village had not had a rainmaking ceremony (expensive, people not believing in old traditions anymore)

Question 82

Collective action remained the same, where able to get pump fixed when broken but this was in resilience rather than progress

Answer 82

Institutional arrangements are shaped by allocative resources (hagmann and Peclard 2010) resources become weak= institutional channels become weak (Plurality of overlapping arrangements doesn't always help either)