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Micro midterm 2 > Lecture 7 - Antimicrobial drugs and therapy > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Antimicrobial drugs and therapy Flashcards

1
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

A treatment that uses drugs to kill rapidly diving cancer cells and also prevent their growth

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2
Q

Who first made Penicillin and what year?

A

Alexander flemming in 1920

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3
Q

What are sulphonamides?

A

A group of medicine used to treat bacterial infections

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4
Q

What are the names of the gram-positive rods and the antibiotics they produce?

A
  1. Bacillus subtillis - produces bacitracin
  2. Paenibacillus polymyxa - produces polymyxin
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5
Q

what are the 2 important actinomycetes and the antibiotics they produce?

A
  1. Streptomyces nodosus - Amphotericin B
  2. Streptomycens venezuelae - Chloramphenicol
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6
Q

What are the fungi and antibiotics they produce?

A
  1. Cephalosporium Spp. - produce cephalotin
  2. Penicillum griseofulvum - griseofulvin
  3. Penicillum chrysogenum - Penicillin
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7
Q

what are the 3 types of antimicrobial drugs

A
  1. natural fermentation
  2. semi-synthetic
  3. synthetic
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8
Q

what is the broad spectrum of activity?

A

A spectrum which affects a larger range of gram pos. and gram neg. bactera

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9
Q

what are the pros and cons of the broad spectrum

A

pros: useful for treatment of an infection prior to MO identification
cons: bad impact on host flora, and risk of opportunistic infections such as Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis

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10
Q

what is Candida albicans?

A

a system disorder found in mouth, rectum, vagina, and skin folds.
- Thrush

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11
Q

What is a mode of action?

A

How an antibiotic affects a particular MO and can be bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal

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12
Q

what does bacteriostatic mean?

A

To keep bacteria in a stationary phase

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13
Q

what does bacteriocidal mean?

A

To kill the bacteria

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14
Q

what are the 5 modes of action?

A
  1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
  2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
  3. inhibition of nucleic acids
  4. injury to plasma membrane
  5. inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis
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15
Q

explain what inhibition of cell wall does, and the antbiotics that do it

A
  • without cell wall, there is no protection, and osmotic pressure causes lysis
  • Penicillin messes with the cross linking of peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall, mostly affects gram positive cells/
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16
Q

what does protein synthesis Inhibition do, and what are the antibiotics?

A
  • stop ribosomes from translating mRNA into proteins
  • streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and erythromycin
17
Q

what happens when antibiotics alter the plasma membrane, and what are the antibiotics that do it?

A
  • permeability is altered , and frequently affects fungi
  • Amphotericin B and Ketoconazole
18
Q

what is amphotericin used for?

A

to treat serious fungal infections

19
Q

what is ketoconazole used for?

A

to treat serious skin infections and to prevent them from coming back.

20
Q

what happens when nucleic acid synthesis is inhibited, and what are the antibiotics that do it.

A
  • Prevent MO reproduction and growth by affecting DNA and proteins for growth
  • Quinolones such as ciprofloxacin.
21
Q

what happens when essential metabolites are inhibited, and what antibiotics do that?

A
  • affect a molecule necessary for cell survival, and prevent synthesis by competing for an enzyme in a metabolic pathway
    antibiotic: sulphonamides - Sulfanilamide.
22
Q

what happens when essential metabolites are inhibited, and what antibiotics do that?

A
  • affect a molecule necessary for cell survival, and prevent synthesis by competing for an enzyme in a metabolic pathway
    antibiotic: sulphonamides - Sulfanilamide.
23
Q

What 2 groups are targeted by antibiotics

A

MOs and structures

24
Q

what is the chemical structure of penicillin

A

Beta-lactam ring

25
Q

what is the chemical structure of vancomycin

A

polypeptide

26
Q

what does a mode of action target?

A

structures

27
Q

how are ways antibiotic resistance happens

A
  • random mutations
  • sharing of mobile DNA
28
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of drug resistance?

A
  1. Blocking entry
  2. Inactivation by enzymes
  3. Alteration of target molecule
  4. Efflux of antibiotic
29
Q

what is drug resistance?

A

when a bacteria causing disease becomes immune to an antibiotic.

30
Q

how does an MO block entry of antibiotic?

A

there are protective structures that prevent antibiotic from entering

31
Q

what is inactivation of enzymes?

A

MO produces enzymes that inactivate/destroy the antibiotic

32
Q

what is alteration of target molecule?

A

when a MO changes shape of targeted molecule to prevent antibiotic to further destroy it.

33
Q

what is efflux?

A

efflux is when bacteria transport compounds out of the cell and it can potentially be toxic. (bacteria transports antibiotic out, negating its effects)

34
Q

what are ways bacteria build resistance to antibiotics? (simplified)

A
  1. destroy antibiotic
  2. modify antibiotic
  3. alter permeability of bacteria
  4. pump antibiotic out of cell

Micro midterm 2 (6 decks)

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