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Physiology II > Lecture 7 - Blood Pressure I > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Blood Pressure I Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

What is Mean Arterial pressure?

A

Driving force for blood flow

Average pressure driving blood toward into tissue throughout cardiac cycle

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2
Q

What is the equation of MAP?

A

MAP = CO x TPR

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3
Q

What are main determinants of MAP?

A

Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Total pressure resistance

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4
Q

What is Heart rate controlled by?

A

ANS

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5
Q

What is stroke volume influenced by?

A

Venous return which is influenced by skeletal muscle pump, respiratory activity
Blood volume
Inotropy and ventricular preload

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6
Q

What does TPR depend on?

A

Blood viscosity
Arteriolar radius
Length of vessel

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7
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80mmhg

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8
Q

Hypertension

A

140/90mmHg

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9
Q

Hypotension

A

100/60mmHg

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10
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

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11
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

Force that the heart generates every time it contracts

Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What is equation of pulse pressure?

A

SBP-DBP

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13
Q

What is MAP

A

DBP + 1/3(PP)

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14
Q

An increase in cardiac output

A

Increase in the volume of blood contained in the aorta

Increase in mean arterial pressure when total peripheral resistance remain the same

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15
Q

Constant cardiac output

A

Increase in volume of blood contained in aorta

Increase in mean arterial pressure when total peripheral resistance increases

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16
Q

Short term regulation

A 
Secs —> Mins 
Regulate CO and TPR 
Involves heart and blood vessels
Neural control (ANS)
Response augmented by chemoreceptors
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17
Q

Long term regulation

A

Mins —> days
Regulate total blood volume (TBV)
Involves kidneys
Hormonal control

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18
Q

Too high (MAP)

A

Extra work for heart
Increases risk of vascuature damage
Rupture of small blood vessels

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19
Q

Too low (MAP)

A

Insufficient driving pressure

Brain and other tissues will not receive adequate blood flow

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20
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic and carotid arteries

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21
Q

What does chemoreceptors respond to?

A

Very low oxygen

High acid levels

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22
Q

What does stroke volume increase in response to?

A

Sympathetic activity

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23
Q

How do you maintain blood pressure?

A

Negative feedback loop

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24
Q

What is the detector of short term regulation?

A

Baroreceptors

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25
Where is the location of the baroreceptors?
Carotid sinus | Aortic arch
26
What is the integration centre for short term regulation located?
Medulla Oblongata
27
What are the inputs of the integration centre of short term regulation?
Baroreceptors Chemoreceptors Proprioceptors Higher brain centres
28
What are the contents of the short term regulation?
Autonomic nervous system | Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
29
What are the effectors of short term regulation?
Heart and blood vessels (arterioles and veins) | Increase or decrease MAP
30
What is the function of baroreceptors?
Increased pressure > increased AP frequency | Decreased pressure > decreased AP frequency
31
What are Baroreceptors/mechanoreceptors?
Stretch receptors | Located: carotid sinus and aortic arch
32
What are the high pressure receptors?
Baroreceptors
33
What are the low pressure receptor (volume receptors)?
Venous and cardiac baroreceptors
34
What does baroreceptors provide?
Critical information about arterial blood pressure in the vessels leading to the brain
35
What does baroreceptors continuously generate?
AP in response to ongoing pressure within arteries
36
What is the heart innervated by and what does it depend on?
ANS | Depend on: HR and strength of contraction
37
What supplies the atrium (SAN and AVN)?
Parasympathetic, vagus nerve | ACH and cholinergic receptors
38
What supplies the atria (SAN and AVN) and ventricles?
Sympathetic neves | Norepinephrine and B1 adrenergic receptors
39
What is SA node intrinsic firing rate?
100/min
40
What does ACH inhibit the release of?
Norepinephrine
41
During activity
Sympathetic dominates and heart rate increases
42
What is the resting HR?
75bpm
43
What is the effect of SAN on heart (synpathetic)?
Increase depolarisation of SAN Increase HR Increase Na+ and Ca2+ into cell Increase frequency of APs
44
What is the effect of SAN on heart (parasympathetic)?
Decrease depolarisation of heart decrease heart rate Increase permeability to K+ Hyperpolarise membrane Decrease frequency of APs
45
What is the effect of Atrial contractile cells on sympathetic?
Increase contractile strength Increase ca2+ permeability Increase inward current of ca2+ More ca2+ > more cross bridge formation > increase strength of contraction
46
What is effect of Atrial contractile cells on parasympathetic?
Decrease contractile strength Decreased inward current of ca2+ Shorten plateau phase of AP Decrease strength of contraction
47
What is effect of ventricle contractile strength of sympathetic ?
Increase contractile strength Heart beats more forcefully Increase stroke volume
48
Increase in sympathetic activity
SAN (increase heart rate) Ventricular myocardium (Increase contractility Increase SV) Arterioles (vasoconstriction, increase resistance, increase TPR) Veins (increase venomotor tone, increase VR, increase EDV, Increase SV)
49
What is consequence of hemorrhage?
Decrease in blood volume | Decrease in MAP
50
What is the long-term regulation?
Renal Regulation | Blood volume
51
What are the hormonal long term regulation?
Vasopressin/ADH Angiotensin II Epinephrine
52
Vasopressin/ADH & Angiotensin II
Vasoconstrictors Conserve blood volume Increase water and sodium reabsorption in kidneys
53
Epinephrine
``` Neural hormone Increase in response to sympathetic activity act on heart Act on smooth muscle of arterioles Act on smooth muscle of veins ```
54
What is the thermoregulatory response?
Thermoregulation = hypothalamus Increase body temperature Decrease sympathetic activity to skin Vasodilation to skin Increase heat loss to environment
55
What is the primary fu croon of chemoreceptor reflex?
Regulate blood carbon dioxide levels
56
What does ventilation increase an decrease?
Increase carbon dioxide, increase TPR | Decrease HR
57
How is the pressure in brachial artery measured and via what ?
Indirectly | Sphygmomanometry and auscultation
58
Laminar flow
No sound
59
Turbulent flow
Sound
60
What happens when cuff pressure > 120mmHg?
No blood flows through vessel No sound No blood is flowing
61
What happens when cuff pressure is between 120 and 80mmHg ?
Blood flow through the vessel is turbulent Because Blood pressure > cuff pressure First sound: peak systolic pressure
62
What ha pens when cuff pressure is less than 8mmHg ?
Blood flows through vessel in smooth, laminar fashion | Last sound heard: minimum diastolic pressure
63
What is Hypertension?
MAP > normal (140/90 mmHg)
64
What is the cause of hypertension?
``` Genetic predisposition Contributing factors: Stress Obesity Smoking Diet ```
65
What is the current research for Hypertension?
``` Salt Diets low in fruit, veg, diary plasma membrane abnormalities Excessive vasopressin Abnormalities in vasoactive chemicals ```
66
What are the complications of hypertension?
``` Stress on heart and blood vessels Congestive heart failure Stroke Myocardial infarction Renal failure ```
67
What are the treatment for hypertension?
``` Diuretics Antihypertensive meds Exercise Weight control Diet ```
68
What is the effect of hypotension?
Inadequate BF to tissues?
69
What are the causes of Hypotension?
Disproportion between vascular capacity and blood volume | Heart too weak to impart sufficient driving pressure to blood

Physiology II (16 decks)

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