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125 > Lecture 7 Cardiovascular Systen And Blood Typing > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Cardiovascular Systen And Blood Typing Flashcards

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1
Q

How many blood groups are there?

A

43

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2
Q

What are the most common blood groups ? (2)

A
  1. ABO group
  2. Rhesus +/-

Gives us 8 main groups

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3
Q

What are responsible for the ABO blood types?

A

2 antigens and 2 antibodies

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4
Q

What are the ABO blood types determined by?

A

Different alleles

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5
Q

Who discovered blood groups ?

A

Karl Landsteiner in 1901

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6
Q

What happens when a blood transfusion gives the wrong blood type?

A
  • The antibodies bind to the new RBCs with different antigens
  • This causes clumping of the RBCs and antibodies (agglutination) and causes severe problems
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7
Q

What does blood plasma carry in relation to blood groups ?

A

Carriers antibodies to the surface molecules that your RBCs do not have

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8
Q

What do red blood cells have on them (in relation to ABO blood group) ?

A

RBCs have different surface molecules (antigens)

The A and B antigens are sugars

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9
Q

What reactions are performed to determine blood type?

A

Agglutination reactions

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10
Q

What blood types can a person with type A blood not receive blood from ?

A

Cannot receive blood from Type B or Type AB

As type A will agglutinate with blood type B as prescence of Anti-B antibody binds to the B antigen and causes clumping

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11
Q

Universal donors are individuals with this blood type? Why?

A

Type O blood

  • Do not have A or B antigens
  • will not agglutinate
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12
Q

Why can individuals with type O blood not receive blood from any other blood type?

A
  • Make antibodies to A and B antigens
  • agglutinates donor blood from other groups
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13
Q

Universal receivers are great individuals with this blood type?

A

Type AB blood

  • do not make any A or B antibodies as they have A and B antigens
  • So won’t agglutinate donor blood
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14
Q

Why can type AB blood only be given to AB recipients?

A

Others have antibodies to A, B or both

So agglutination would occur

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15
Q

What are the 3 possible alleles for human blood type?

A

I^A = A

I^B = B

I =O

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16
Q

When can ABO incompatibility in babies occur ?

A

During pregnancy if mother and baby’s blood types are incompatible

e.g. mother has blood type O and baby is either A or B and their blood comes into contact or antibodies passed to fetus

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17
Q

What does ABO incompatibility in babies cause?

A

RBCs are broken down causing jaundice, anaemia and death if severe

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18
Q

Why is jaundice caused in babies?

A
  • Mothers antibodies linger after birth and destroy RBC of baby
  • Causing increase in bilirubin - a neurotoxic yellow waste product
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19
Q

Treatment for babies with high levels of bilirubin (2)

A
  • phototherapy
    Or
  • blood transfusion
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20
Q

What does phototherapy do ?

A

Oxidises bilirubin and facilitates its removal by the liver

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21
Q

3 facts about the location of the heart ?

A
  1. In the mediastinum with the lungs
  2. Level of the 2nd rib
  3. Roughly central but with base pointing towards the right and the apex towards the left
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22
Q

The heart sits in a ‘bag’. What is it called?

A

Pericardium

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23
Q

What does the pericardium do? (2)

A
  • lubrication (serous)
  • mechanical protections

Protects it and allows it to move smoothly

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24
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the pericardium ?

A
  1. Fibrous pericardium
  2. Serous pericardium
  3. Epicardium
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25
What is Pericarditis?
Problems with the pericardium, which impact the movement and function of the heart
26
What are the symptoms of Acute pericarditis ?
Rapid inflammation and chest pain Pericardial friction rub - detect scratchy sound Resolves in 1 week with NSAIDS
27
What is the difference between effusive and constrictive chronic pericarditis?
Effusive - build-up of fluid in pericardium Constrictive - pericardium hardens
28
Pericardium formation (3)
1. Serous pericardium 2. Pericardial cavity 3 . Parietal and visceral layer of serous pericardium
29
What are the 3 muscular layers to provide the contractile properties of the heart , found in the heart wall?
1. Epicardium 2. Myocardium 3. Endocardium
30
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
1. Tricuspid valve 2. Pulmonary valve 3. Bicuspid (mitral) valve 4. Aortic valve
31
Name the 2 AV valves
1. Tricuspid 2. Bicuspid (Mitral)
32
Name the 2 semilunar valves
1. Pulmonary valve 2. Aortic valve
33
What do Atrioventricular valves do?
Prevent back flow from Atria to Ventricles Check
34
What do semilunar valves prevent ?
Prevent backflow from Aorta/pulmonary artery into the ventricles
35
What is the structure in the ventricle that stops valves acting like a swing door in both directions?
Chordae tendinae
36
When do semilunar valves close?
Release of contraction closes valves
37
Name 2 heart valve problems
1. Incompetent valves 2. Valvular stenosis Patients may have both
38
What happens to valves in patients who have incompetent valves ?
- Valves (leaflets) do not fully close - so there is regurgitant flow I.e. same blood is pumped around repeatedly Leaky
39
What happens to valves in patient with valvular stenosis?
- stiffened valves caused by repeated infection, congenital disease or calcium deposits - opening is narrowed so insufficient blood gets through
40
What are the 3 main layers in arteries and veins ?
1. Tunica adventitia/externa 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica intima
41
What is the Tunica adevntitia/externa ?
Supportive outer layer Nerves and blood vessels Collagen fibres
42
What is the Tunica media made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
43
Why is the Tunica media layer the most important? (4)
Helps move blood along the arteries (affects resistance to blood flow) Involved in control of blood pressure Only affects single vessel not whole system Vasoconstriction and vasodilation
44
How does vasoconstriction and vasodilation of smooth muscle affect lumen size of arteries ?
- Vasoconstriction of smooth muscle **decreases** lumen size - Vasodilation of smooth muscle **increases** lumen size
45
Name 4 structures in the arterial system
1. Large arteries 2. Small arteries 3. Arteriales 4. Capillaries
46
Large arteries role and properties (5)
- more muscular wall push blood along organs - **distribution** role - don’t affect BP - Elastic to absorb high volume and pressure from heart - **Capacitance**
47
Small arteries role and properties (4)
- Distribution and resistance - highly innervated - regulate arterial pressures - receptors for circulation hormones and locally produced signals e.g. K+ & NO
48
Arterioles role and properties (4)
- smaller - when constricted, blood flow to organs can be bypassed - Resistance vessels - same as small arteries
49
Capillaries role and properties (4)
1. Small and thin to allow for exchange of materials 2. Exchange vessels 3. No smooth muscle 4. High exchange
50
Blood flow in capillaries=blood flow entering aorta. What happens to velocity?
Velocity is 0.05cm/s compared to 50cm/s As vessel gets smaller resistance increases across system Slower blood flow allows for gas and nutrient exchange with local tissues
51
3 key facts about capillaries
1. Small 2. High resistance 3. BP low
52
3 types of capillaries
1. Continuous capillaries 2. Fenestrated capillaries 3. Sinusoid capillaries
53
What are continuous capillaries ?
- most common - continuous - gaps only between endothelial cells (tight junctions)
54
Where are continuous capillaries found ? (4)
- CNS - lungs - muscle tissue - skin
55
What are fenestrated capillaries ?
- pores of 70-100nm in the capillary wall
56
Where are fenestrated capillaries found? (5)
- choroid plexus - kidneys - endocrine glands - villi - ciliary processes of the eye
57
What are sinusoid capillaries? Whee are the found (3)
- wider gaps in the vessel walls (lets blood cells through) - located in bone marrow, endocrine glands and placenta
58
4 key feature of veins
1. Under less pressure 2. Less smooth muscle (less resistance) 3. Stretchy (high capacitance vessels) 4. Larger veins have valves to prevent blood flowing backwards
59
3 key features of venules
1. 8-100um in diameter, more porous than arterioles 2. Capillaries drain into venules 3. Continued loss of BP, almost 0 by the time it gets to vena cava. Resistance is key
60
What does supine mean ?
Lying down
61
Where is the blood in supine in the body at rest?
Vein= 54% Arteries= 10% Arterioles= 1% Capillaries= 5% Central volume = 30% - 12% in heart - 18% in lungs
62
What happens to blood in supine position?
1. Less blood in peripheral veins 2. More blood in central volume
63
Where is blood in body at rest in **upright** position ?
Vein= 65% Arteries= 13% Arterioles= 2% Capillaries= 2% Central blood volume = 15%
64
When blood exits the heart it can be spilt into 3 distribution systems. Name the 3 systems
1. Pulmonary Circulation (RHS) 2. Systemic circulation (LHS) 3. Coronary circulation (from aorta)
65
Where is pulmonary circulation positioned?
Positioned towards back of the heart
66
What is shape of pulmonary circulation?
Crescent shaped
67
Where does blood from pulmonary circulation enter and exit the heart from ?
- blood in through Venae cavae - blood out through pulmonary artery
68
Where is the systemic circulation system found?
At front and apex of the heart
69
What is the shape of systemic circulation ?
More circular (thicker walls)
70
Where does blood from systemic circulation enter and exit the heart from ?
- in through pulmonary vein - out through aorta to aortic arch
71
3 key facts about coronary circulation
1. L and R Coronary arteries from base of the aorta - shut during contraction 2. Coronary arteries branch to supply the heart 3. Arteries supply the capillaries for gas and nutrient transfer before draining into the veins

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