Lecture 7: Fundamentals of Nutrition (Part 2)

Question 1

What do these terms refer to?

Pesco-vegetarian
Lacto-ovo-vegetarian
Strict vegan

Answer 1

Pesco = consume fish

Lacto-ovo = consume milk and effs

Strict vegan = NO animal products

Question 2

What is the difference between Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)?

Answer 2

EAR - 50% of healthy individuals in group

RDA - 97-98% of healthy individuals within group

Question 3

What is the difference between Deficiencies and Insufficiencies?

Answer 3

Deficiencies - intake below what is required for an individual, often resulting (well described disease associated w/deficiency

Insufficiencies - intake below what is OPTIMAL for health, making individual susceptible to disease

Question 4

Vitamin D Deficiency signs and symptoms

Answer 4

• Childhood Rickets and Adult osteomalacia

- rickets symptoms: bowed legs, thick wrists/ankles, delayed growth

Question 5

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) sources, coenzyme form, cause of deficiency, and clinical manifestation (Beriberi)

Answer 5

source: grain, yeast, pork
coenzyme: TTP (pyruvate –> A CoA via PDH)
deficiency: alcoholism (absorption interference)
clinical:
1. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
2. Dry Beriberi –> muscle wasting, partial paralysis
3. Wet Beriberi –> peripheral edema, cardiac failure

Question 6

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) sources, coenzyme form, cause of deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 6

source: milk, eggs
coenzyme: FAD/FMN
deficiency: ariboflavinosis (malabsorption issues)
clinical: sore throat, chelititis, glossitis, serborrheic dermatitis

Question 7

Vitamin B3 (Niacin) sources, coenzyme form, cause of deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 7

sources: meats, veggies, fruits, synth from tryptophan
coenzyme: NAD(H) and NADP(H)
deficiency:
- pellagra (diarrhea, dementia, dermatitis, death)
- Hartnup Disease: impaired AA absorption (trypto)
toxicity: flushing of face, nausea, constipation

Question 8

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) sources, coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 8

sources: widely distributed
coenzyme: coenzyme A (first TCA cycle step)
deficiency: extreme starvation, colonic bacteria
manifestation: dermatitis, dysesthesias (BURNING FEET SYNDROME)

Question 9

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) sources, coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 9

sources: meat, vegetables, grain
coenzyme: pyridoxal phosphate (ALT and AST), tryptophan –> niacin
manifestation: sideroblastic anemia (no iron in heme)
toxicity can occur –> peripheral neuropathy, photosensitivity, dermatoses

Question 10

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) sources, coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 10

sources: meat, liver, milk, eggs
coenzyme: mehtylmalonyl-CoA and homocysteine
deficiency: pernicious anemia (most common cause), long-term vegetarian diet, resection of terminal ileum
manifestations: megaloblastic anemia, homocysteinemia

Question 11

Vitamin B7 (Biotin) sources, coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 11

sources: yeast products, legumes, nuts
coenzyme: - carboxylases
deficiency: excessive raw egg white consumption (avidin –> binds to biotin)
manifestations: MULTIPLE CARBOXYLASE DEFICIENCY
dermatitis around eye, nose, and mouth; lethargy, hallucinations

Question 12

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid) sources, coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 12

sources: fresh green vegetables, liver
coenzyme: tetrahydrofolate (de novo pyrimidine synth)
deficiency: folate pool depleted in pregnancy/alcoholics
- neural tube defect (spina bifida)
manifestations: macrocytic megalobalstic anemia and homocysteinemia

Question 13

Vitamin C Deficiency (Ascorbic Acid) sources, coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 13

sources: fruits and vegetables
cofactor for: collagen synth, neurotrans synth, antioxidant
deficiency: no citrus fruits
manifestations: scurvy (severely malnourished, poverty)

Question 14

Vitamin E Deficiency coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 14

• antioxidant free radical scavenger
• forms: alpha/gamma tocopherol most common

deficiency: neuromuscular disorders/hemolysis, fat malabsorption conditions

Question 15

Vitamin K Deficiency coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 15

• carboxylation of glutamate residues
• essential factor for proper blood clotting

deficiency: bleeding issues, osteporosis

interactions w/blood thinners such as warfarin

Question 16

Vitamin A Deficiency coenzyme form, deficiency, clinical manifestations

Answer 16

• vision and maintenance of epithelium
• retinoic acid (stored in liver as retinol)

deficiency from: extreme malnutrition, fat malabsorption, liver cirrhosis

manifestations: night blindness, xerophthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis, frequent infections
toxicity: teratogenic in pregnancy