Lecture 7 Immune System

Question 1

What is cellular immunity?

Answer 1

It works through a range of leukocytes. (Such as lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils)

Question 2

What is T-lymphocytes

Answer 2

1. Responsible for cellular immune attack
2. Key facilitators of general immune response
3. Activate B - cells and influence antibody production

Question 3

What is Humoral Immunity?

Answer 3

It works through five classes of antibody. (immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM)

Question 4

What is B-lymphocytes?

Answer 4

Responsible for antibody production

Question 5

What is the function of neutrophil?

Answer 5

Important role in bacterial infection

Question 6

What is the function eosinophils?

Answer 6

Modulate allergic reaction: Important in parasitic infection

Question 7

What is the function of basophil?

Answer 7

Facilitate allergic reaction: Through the release of histamine, heparin and serotonin

Question 8

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 8

B cell differentiate into plasma cell. It secret Igs T-cells and NK cells attack microorganisms, foreign cells and cancer cells.

Question 9

What is the function of Monocytes?

Answer 9

Macrophage

Question 10

What are two types of Leukocyte type?

Answer 10

Granulocyte: Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 11

What is the function of IgA?

Answer 11

Mostly in body secretions, role in local community in mucous membranes.

Question 12

What is the function of IgD?

Answer 12

Low levels in serum binds to B0-cells to act as an antigen receptor.

Question 13

What is the function of IgE?

Answer 13

Least common in serum, binds to basophil and mast cells, involved in allergic reactions.

Question 14

How does the body respond to injury or infection?

Answer 14

inflammation

Question 15

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 15

Swelling, erythema, heat and pain

Question 16

What does the changes of blood vessels during inflammation?

Answer 16

First constrict and dilate and also permeable or leaky.

Question 17

What is the purpose of neutrophils and monocytes during inflammation?

Answer 17

1. Leave the blood vessels to fight the infection
2. Clean up the area

Question 18

What are the three types of immune function commonly impaired in immunodeficiency (免疫缺陷)?

Answer 18

1. Antibody activity
2. Lymphocyte funtcion
3. Phagocytosis

Question 19

Which two types of immunodeficiency can be classified?

Answer 19

1. Primary
2. Secondary

Question 20

Are immunodeficiencies always present at birth?

Answer 20

Nope. Only happen in congenital conditions

Question 21

Are immunodeficiencies always present at develop later in life?

Answer 21

Only in acquired condition

Question 22

What is the definition of primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 22

Chiefly affects the immune system itself and its part.

Question 23

What is the definition of secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 23

Affect immune function as consequence of a secondary cause elsewhere in the body.

Question 24

How to define t-cell disorder?

Answer 24

It is a primary immunodeficiencies.

Question 25

What cause the T-cell disorder?

Answer 25

1. Impaired T-cell: T-cell activation and T-cell maturation. 2. Frequent opportunistic fungal infection: Example DiGeorge syndrome: Deletion of part of Chromosome 22 and thymic aplasia

Question 26

What are B-cell disorders and how do they affect the body's immune system?

Answer 26

1. Commonly affect antibody production. 2. may affect B-cell numbers

Question 27

What is the examples of B-cell disorder?

Answer 27

1. Bruton's agammagulobulinaemia Inherited (遺傳) condition --- X - linked recessive condition Result in B-cell deficiency --- > all antibodies decrease, frequent infections 2. Selective IgA deficiency. Inherited condition, can be autosomal dominant or recessive Some increase in infection and increase in autoimmune or allergic disorders

Question 28

What is the combined T- and B- cell disorders

Answer 28

Defects in the development of lymphoid stem cells affect. 1. Differentiation of lymphocyte subpopulations 2. Lymphocytes numbers and/ or function

Question 29

What is the example of combined T- and B- cell disorders.

Answer 29

Sever combined immunodeficiency (SCID) 1. Various types: X-linked recessive most common 2. Profoundly susceptible to infection (極易感染) 3. Decrease antibody production 4. Decrease T-cells 5. Decrease natural killer cell number

Question 30

What are the primary immunodeficiencies?

Answer 30

1. T- cell disorder 2. B -cell disorder 3. Combined T- and B- cell disorder

Question 31

What is the cause of secondary immunodeficiencies?

Answer 31

1. Sever or prolonged stress 2. Poor nutrition 3. medications 4. Infection 5. Blood cancers

Question 32

What do sever or prolonged stress can result in?

Answer 32

Adernal gland hypertrophy: 1. Increase Glucocorticoid release 2. Decrease immune response 3. Atrophy of lymphoid tissue

Question 33

What do poor nutrition can result in?

Answer 33

1. Decrease proteins to make antibodies or chemical mediators 2. Decrease vitamins important for immunity --- vitamins A, B, C and E 3. Decrease minerals important for immunity --- zinc and iron

Question 34

What do drug treatment can result in?

Answer 34

1. Immunosuppression by design or side effect of their action. 2. Example: corticosteroids, NSAIDs, antibiotics and anticancer drugs 3. inhibit the production of immune/ inflammatory mediator 4. Alter balance between normal flora and opportunistic pathogens 5. inhibit the immune cell proliferation

Question 35

Infection may disrupt immune attack by

Answer 35

1. Neutralising antibody 2. Impaired lysosomal action of phagocytic enzymes 3. Evading recognition by immune system and proliferating

Question 36

What is the symptoms of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 36

Symptoms vary depending on what part of the body is involved. 1. Inhaled often cause a runny nose, sneezing, coughing or wheezing. 2. Ingested causes nausea, diarrhea, vomiting or abdominal-cramps 3. Skin allergens causes rashes 4. Systemic allergens are often the most life-threatening coz they are affect many organ system.

Question 37

Describe about Anaphylaxis.

Answer 37

1. Life threatening condition. 2. Blood vessels dilate so quickly and blood pressure drops very suddenly. 3. Without treatment, patients may go into anaphylactic shock and die.

Question 38

Clinical manifestation of type 1 hypersensitivity.

Answer 38

Localized inflammatory response affecting 1. Skin --> Rash 2. Airways --. Hay fever or asthma 3. Gastrointestinal tract --> abdominal cramping Systemic in response to mediation or blood-borne (血源性) Anaphylactic (過敏反應) reaction resulting in 1. Systemic inflammatory response 2. Significant decrease in blood pressure 3. Shift in intravascular fluid to interstitial space 4. Shock 5. Death

Question 39

What is the management of type 1 hypersensitivity such as anaphylaxis?

Answer 39

1. Airway management 2. Adrenaline 3. IV hydrocortisone 4. Antihistamines 5. bronchodilator 6. Mast cell stabilizers 7. Fluid support 8. ⭐️Educate avoidance of causative allergen⭐️

Question 40

What are the examples of Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 40

1. Antibodies may bind to to and destroy neuromuscular ACh receptors --> myasthenia gravis 2. Antibodies result in the destruction of RBC --> mismatched ABO blood transfusion or haemolytic disease of the newborn.

Question 41

What is the example of Type III hypersensitive?

Answer 41

1. Arthus reaction --> vasculitis and tissue necrosis 2. Serum sickness --> after intravenous administration of antisera ▪ Arthus反應→血管炎和組織壞死 ▪ 血清病 → 靜脈注射抗血清後 ▪ 抗原抗體複合物廣泛沉積到各種組織中

Question 42

What are the examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 42

1. Contact dermatitis 2. diabetes mellitus -- type 1 3. Chronic graft rejection 4. Granulomatous disease 4.1. A mass of inflammatory cells occupy a spheroid tissue lesion 4.2 Lesion unable to be removed 4.3 Lesion become fibrotic and necrotic 4.4 E.g. Tuberculosis

Question 43

Describe the feature of autoimmune disorders.

Answer 43

1. Associate with loss of tolerance to "self" antigens. 2. Body doesn't recognize a part of itself. Consider it "foreign" and attacks its own antigens.

Question 44

What is the loss of self tolerance may develop through?

Answer 44

1. Thymic education of T-cells 2. Bone marrow education of B-cells 3. Maintenance of "privileged" sites (Brain, testicle and pregnant uterus)