Lecture 7: Memory Outside The Lab Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 levels of representation in propositions?
A
1 - Surface form
→ exact wording of text
2 - Propositional Textbase
→ maintains important information in a propositional network
→ captures basic idea units present in a text
3 - Situation model
→ elaborated representation that represents what is being described
- idea being you create multiple representations in parallel
2
Q
What are situation models?
A
- contain propositions from events and inferences that are made
- keep track of people, locations, time, and intentionality even if they are not explicit from the propositions
3
Q
What is some evidence that situation models have stronger influence on memory than propositions?
A
- common object in different locations have higher response times than different objects in common location
4
Q
What are Schachter’s 7 sins of memory?
A
1 - Transience 2 - Absent-mindedness 3 - Blocking 4 - Misattribution 5 - Suggestibility 6 - Bias 7 - Persistence
1-3 = Problems of omission 4-7 = Problems of commission
5
Q
What are source monitoring errors?
A
- misattributing mental experiences to either external sources or internal sources
6
Q
What did Loftus, Miller, & Burns show about the misinformation effect?
A
- participants shown picture with red car at stop sign
→ asked then whether car passed when it was stopped at the stop sign or yield sign
→ no misleading info: 75% correct
→ misleading info: 41% correct
7
Q
What are the three causes of misinformation affect?
A
→ source misattribution
→ misinformation acceptance
→ overconfidence
8
Q
What is the memory trace replacement hypothesis?
A
- Loftus proposed to explain the misinformation effect
- similar to retroactive interference except old memory is eliminated and replaced with new (incorrect) information
→ memory is reconsolidated
9
Q
What did Okado & Stark show that supported the memory trace replacement hypothesis?
A
- participants presented with still image vignettes using misleading postevent information (MPI)
→ measures fMRI response - during recognition phase, 47% of responses demonstrated misinformation effect
- different hippocampal activity was observed during consolidation for true/false memorues
→ high activation in true/original and false/misinformation
10
Q
What was Loftus & Pickrell’s “shopping mall study”?
A
- participants asked to memorize four scenarios from childhood with one of them being false
→ false memories of being lost in the mall were implanted into participants using plausible details from family members
→ false memory had more vague recollection and fewer words summarized
→ failure to pick out the false memory when prompted
11
Q
What was Wade et al’s false memory study?
A
- participants had real pictures and stories photoshopped in with false pictures and memories
→ Session 1: No photo half had no memories, then images but no memories, then memories; With photo a third had each.
→ Session 2: No photo half had no memories, then even split between images but no memories and memories; With photo more than half had memories.
12
Q
What is infantile amnesia?
A
- inability to remember early life events
→ infants can form memories but not related to self
→ memories become more adult-like as brain matures
→ autobiographical memories increase as language develops
13
Q
What is the reminiscence bump?
A
- memories of life events peak in adolescence or early adulthood
- also observed for important world events and semantic memory
14
Q
What is the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump?
A
- memories in early adulthood occur in periods of rapid change followed by stability
→ elaborate and distinct cues
15
Q
What is the self-image hypothesis of the reminiscence bump?
A
- formation of personal identity strengthens memories for that time period
→ self-reference effect
16
Q
What is the maturational account of the reminiscence bump?
A
- cognitive processes are at their maximum during period of reminiscence bump
17
Q
What is the cultural life script hypothesis of the reminiscence bump?
A
- memory is improved for positive culturally shared experiences
→ results in increased elaborative rehearsal
18
Q
What are the different types of semantic cases?
A
- relation: topic/major event
- agent: person acting
- patient: receives action
- location
- time
19
Q
What is a semantic case?
A
- relationships or cennections of meaning
20
Q
What did Sachs’s study conclude about memory?
A
- people quickly lose information about the actual, verbatim words that we hear or read
- people retain meaning
→ reconstruct based on meaning stored in a propositional representation
21
Q
What is the fan effect?
A
- retrieval interference effect
- when more words are associated with a concept, response times are longer
22
Q
What was Anderson’s study on memory?
A
- varied number of associations with person and location concepts
→ assumed limited amount of activation could spread along links of network
→ more links = wider activation distribution = longer processing
23
Q
What was Kintsch et al’s study on memory?
A
- read text, took memory test → exact text → paraphrase → inference → wrong
- surface form was lost quickly from memory
- textbase was retained but declined over time
- situational model performance was high and stayed high
24
Q
What was Radvansky and Zacks’s study on memory?
A
- three objects in one location v. one object in three locations
- fan effect apparently in place
→ however the former is not difficult to remember because this information can be integrated into a single situation
25
What are some examples of metamemory?
- ability to assess when you've learned something
- realization that you need to remember something in the future
- basics of what one does or doesn't know
26
What is source monitoring?
- ability to accurately remember the source of a memory
| → be it encountered in the world or something imagined
27
What are the areas of the brain concerned with source monitoring?
- hippocampus
→ integrating content/source info
- prefrontal cortex (right dorsolateral, ventrolateral, medial regions)
→ searching and using source info
- temporal lobes
→ remembering content itself
28
What is cryptomnesia?
- person unconsciously plagiarizes something they have heard or read before but because they have forgotten the source, mistakenly think it's a new idea that they thought of
29
What is prospective memory?
- ability to remember to do something in the future
| - either time-based (remember for a certain passage of time) or event-based (remember for a certain event)
30
What is metamemory?
- people's knowledge about their own memory and its functioning
31
What are judgments of learning?
- person makes prediction, after studying some material, of whether it will be remembered later in a memory test
- generally better after some delay since memories aren't active to cause bias
32
What is a feeling of knowing?
- estimate is provided of how likely it is that an item will be recognized on a later memory test
33
What is the DRM task?
- present word list with a critical lure word that participants falsely remember being in the list
34
What was Branford & Franks's study on memory?
- given lists of words with one, two, three, or four concepts in a sentence, later given recognition task
→ people judged threes/fours as more familiar
→ people judged sentences with more complete ideas as more familiar
→ people were unsure about ones and twos
- people seem to acquire a general idea than any individual sentence
→ reporting composite memory
35
What is a memory impairment?
- genuine change or alteration in memory of an experienced event as a function of some later event
36
What is misinformation acceptance?
- people accept additional information as having been part of an earlier experience without actually remembering the information
37
What is reconsolidation?
- when a memory is retrieved this puts it in a plastic, malleable state where it can be changed before it is stored in memory again
38
What are factors for overconfidence in memory?
- source memory: memory of the exact source of information
| - processing fluency: ease with which something is processed or comes to mind
39
What is imagination inflation?
- imagining that something happened increases later memory reports that it actually did happen
40
How does repetition more strongly distort memory?
- repetition increases confidence in misinformation
→ actual memories may be suppressed
- repeated questioning can enhance recall of some details while diminishing others
41
What are autobiographical memories?
- study of one's lifetime collection or narrative of memories
