lecture 7: minerals Flashcards

Question

sodium body maintenance

Answer 1

- absorbed freely byb body and excess excreted by kidneys into urine - small amount lost in sweat - amount excreted in day = amount digested per day

Answer 2

AI (adequate intake): 1500mg (age 19-50) (UL) Tolerable upper intake level: 2300mg ppl eat more than UL approx 3400mg/day gen from processed food, soy sauce, MSG, flavouring, bread (surprisingly)

Answer 3

- junk food, bread, processed food, tomato dishes, soups, pasta, cheese (except swiss), meat dishes, sauces (anything seasoned) 75% processed food

Answer 4

- high sodium associated w higher HTN, CVD, cerebral hemorrhage rates - more salt = higher bp and risk for CV diseases - some ppl sodium sensitive

Answer 5

- old ppl w/o HTN can die of stroke - lowering intake can lower bp to reduce risk of stroke - can cause congestive heart failure or make kidney problems worse - potentially cause stomach cancer

Answer 6

principle +'ve charged ion inside body's cells

Answer 7

maintenance of: fluid balance electrolyte balance heartbeat

Answer 8

reasonable diets provide enough K to prevent dangerously low k - heart failure from: fasting, severe diarrhea, eating disorders, etc - can make HTN worse normal intake is little over 50% of AI

Answer 9

- fresh, whole foods, fruits - processing reduces it - OJ, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, avocados, strawberries, spinach, cantaloupes AVOID if u have chronic kidney disease

Answer 10

- SAFE unless u have chronic kidney disease - if injected to vein stops heart - OTC KCI pills - don't take unless doc tells u

Answer 11

major neg ion in body

Answer 12

acid base balance electrolyte balance component of HCI

Answer 13

salt; added and naturally occuring

Answer 14

not possible

Answer 15

synthesis of compounds w s - amino acids w S - cysteine, methionine*** - disulfide bonds w cysteine - antioxidants - thiamin, biotin

Answer 16

protein containing food (in amino acids)

Answer 17

diarrhea, not important

Answer 18

has been added to table salt to meet intakes

Answer 19

require thyroxine (hormone) made by thyroid gland to reg metabolism

Answer 20

- enlarged thyroid - GOITRE*** - severe deficiency during preg - CRETINISM***; retardation - sluggishness - weight-gain

Answer 21

enlarged thyroid gland but decreased thyroid activity

Answer 22

- iodized table salt - seafood - depends on soil which has 1/2 day's intake since iodine is used to disinfect milking equipment

Answer 23

most in body carried in proteins: HEMOGLOBIN: o2 carrier protein of RBCs in bloodstream MYOGLOBIN: o2 carrier protein of muscle cells

Answer 24

carries oxygen and helps enzyme use o2 needed to make new cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters liver adds iron to new RBC's from bone marrow; recycled after 3-4 month in liver/spleen

Answer 25

can b lost in nail clippings, hair cutting, skin shedding - significant if you lose from bleeding; GI bleeds

Answer 26

only 10-15% from diet actually absorbed but amount can increase/decrease if: body supply diminished and needs it, or body supply abundant hard to readily get rid of iron

Answer 27

a powerful oxidant, can damage cells

Answer 28

absorption not compensating for loss or low dietary intake, in stages stage 1: decreased iron stores stage 2: depleted iron stores stage 3: iron deficient and anemic

Answer 29

more severe; depleted iron stores and low blood Hb

Answer 30

cells are smaller

Answer 31

lighter red than normal

Answer 32

craving non-foods; assoc w iron deficiency - you eat clay, soil, air freshener; shits bad for u and will inhibit iron absorption

Answer 33

being women (tend to eat less food and lose iron bc you bleed - menstruating or preg being an infant that isn't breastfed anymore, young child, adolescent most common nutrient deficiency

Answer 34

hard to excrete once absorbed - iron overload defended against controlling iron absorption - genetic component: white ppl tend to continue to absorb iron even in excess CV infection: bacteria thrive on iron-rich blood vit c helps iron absorption

Answer 35

preg women need supplement iron forms: heme-bound (animal flesh) or nonheme (plants) read meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs - MEAT legumes, green leafy veggies, dried fruit

Answer 36

MFP factor: meat, fish poultry

Answer 37

occurs in very small quantity in body

Answer 38

everything works w proteins in every body organ helps over 300 enzymes taste perception, wound healing, sperm production

Answer 39

often misdiagnosed mild: impaired immunity, abnormal taste, abnormal vision in dark severe: affects growth, infections will worsen w malnutrition, wounds heal poorly, alters digestive sys

Answer 40

preg, poor, young, old, vegetarians

Answer 41

@ risk in supplements ***can block copper absorption/lower body's copper content*** can reduce HDL blood concentrations

Answer 42

meat, fish, poultry, milk and milk products plants not absorbed well; but some legumes and whole grains

Answer 43

antioxidant

Answer 44

prostate cancer heart disease/keshan disease

Answer 45

w long term supplementation (nausea, ab pain, hair loss, nerve abnormalities)

Answer 46

normal diet of unprocessed foods; widely distributed - meats, shellfish, veggies in selenium rich soil

Answer 47

not essential to life per say

Answer 48

important for teeth - fluorapatite is resistant to decay

Answer 49

fluoridated drinking water

Answer 50

dental decay where fluoride is mising

Answer 51

Fluorosis: Discolouration, pitting of tooth enamel during tooth development Irreversible once developed

Answer 52

Blood glucose regulation with insulin; regulate release glucose energy

Answer 53

Impaired Insulin Action*; results in diabetes-like condition - fixed with supplements Supplements however CANNOT cure actual diabetes

Answer 54

Widely distributed in food supply; unrefined foods, whole grains Meat, whole grains, vegetable oil

Answer 55

Forming hemoglobin and collagen Can handle oxygen - enzymes depend on it, metabolism Also handles iron Superoxide dismutase: Unfucks free radical damage, is copper-dependent

Answer 56

Excess zinc can interfere with copper absorption - deficiency Menkes disease: Absorbed but not released into circulation Disturbed growth and metabolism Impaired immunity, arterial blood flow in adults rare in severely malnourished infants

Answer 57

Unlikely from foods; possible from supplementation Wilson’s Disease: Copper accumulates in liver/brain; treated with Zinc supplements Copper ring around the eye, pretty cool

Answer 58

unimportant

Answer 59

Vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by overabundance of unmineralized bone protein - Symptoms include bending of spine, bowed legs

Answer 60

A reduction in bone mass in older people; the bone becomes porous and fragile 1/3 women and 1/5 men suffer from osteoporotic fractures; people w/ fractures may need LTC Get a diet rich in calcium early on in life to prevent osteoporosis later in life

Answer 61

Smokers have less dense bones and alcoholism = undernutrition, fall risk

Answer 62

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension - Can help both salt-sensitive and non-sensitive Achieves a lower blood pressure than restriction of sodium alone Involves greatly increased intake of vegetables and fruits Adequate amounts of nuts, fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy Occasional small portions of red meat, butter, high-fat foods/sweets Greatly reduces salt/sodium Results in progressively lower sodium and lower blood pressure as well Adding Mg, K, Ca, Protein, Fibre makes this drop even larger Ex., whole grains, fruits, veggies, seeds, nuts, legumes Low K intake raises blood pressure High K intake prevents and corrects HTN Physical activity also lowers BP