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Pharmacology FINAL > lecture 7 part 1 > Flashcards

lecture 7 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the nervous system is divided into….

A

peripheral nervous system and central nervous syste,

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2
Q

classify the peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic and somatic

autonomic can be vided into sympathetic NS and parasympathetic NS

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3
Q

what can the CNS be divided into

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

true or false

all glands are under the control of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

FALSE

all glands except sweat glands

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5
Q

the ANS is largely _______

what does this mean?

A

independent

its activities are not under our direct conscious control

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6
Q

the ANS controls _____ functions like cardiac output, blood flow distribution, and digestion

A

visceral

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7
Q

true or false

both the autonomic and somatic nervous system have important afferent (sensory) inputs

A

TRUE

these give information about the internal/external environment and modify motor output

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8
Q

explain what afferent neurons are

A

run from the periphery to the INTEGRATING CENTERS. this includes the enteric plexus in the gut, the autonomic ganglia, and the CNS (BRAIN/SPINAL CORD)

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9
Q

TRUE OR DALSE

afferent neurons go away from the brain/spinal cord

A

false – approach the brain/spinal cord with sensory information

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10
Q

true or false

efferent neurons are motor neurons

A

true

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11
Q

give 3 types of efferent neurons

A

sympathetic neurons
parasympathetic neurons
enteric neurons

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12
Q

explain what the somatic nervous system controls

A

CONSCIOUS AND SUBCONSCIOUS control of SKELETAL MUSCLES

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13
Q

give the pathway of the somatic nervous system

A

an upper motor neuron and a lower motor neuron

the lower motor neuron may be controlled by REFLEXES based in the brain or spinal cord

the upper motor neurons are located in the nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex

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14
Q

true or false

the upper motor neurons of the somatic nervous system may be controlled by reflexes based in the brain/spinal cord

A

FALSE - this is true for lower motor neuron

upper motor neurons are either located in the nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex

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15
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

visceral functions, MOSTLY outside of our awareness

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16
Q

where are the integrative centers of the autonomic nervous system located?

A

in the hypothalamus

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17
Q

explain the neurons of the autonomic nervous system

A

2 motor neurons are in sequence to control the visceral effectors

preganglionic neurons are embedded in the brain stem/spinal cord

ganglionic neurons go inside the organ

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18
Q

where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

A

in the brain stem and spinal cord

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19
Q

where are the cell bodies of ganglionic neurons located?

A

in the peripheral autonomic ganglia

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20
Q

name some visceral effectors that ganglionic neurons innervate

A

cardiac muscle
smooth muscle
glands
adipose tissue

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21
Q

what are the “visceral motor neurons”

A

ganglionic neurons

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22
Q

___ neurons are part of visceral reflex arcs

A

preganglionic

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23
Q

most activities of these neurons represent direct reflex responses

A

preganglionic neurons

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24
Q

what is the neurotransmitter(s) released for the somatic nervous system

A

acetylcholine only

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25
Q

what are the neurotransmitters for the autonomic nervous system?

A

sympathetic: preganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine and postganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine

parasympathetic: preganglionic AND postganglionic releases acetylcholine

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26
Q

what is norepinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter AND hormone
travels in neurons AND the bloodstream

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27
Q

what is the effect of acetylcholine

A

activates the parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest”)

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28
Q

what is the effect of norepinephrine

A

activates the sympathetic nervous system (“fight or flight”)

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29
Q

true or false

when a neuron of the somatic nervous system releases acetylcholine, the effect is always stimulatory on skeletal muscle

A

true

30
Q

which has neurons with HEAVILY myelinated axons — somatic nervous system or autonomic nervous system?

A

somatic

31
Q

what causes the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and noepinephrine?

A

the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine to the adrenal medulla which stimulates it to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

32
Q

what are the major divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic division

33
Q

true or false

the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions always have opposing effects and are dependent on one another

A

FALSE

they may work independently, and some structures may only be innervated by one division

USUALLY THO, they do have opposing effects. Sometimes they work together in complex processes too

34
Q

the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions both influence what?

A

the 3rd autonomic division called the ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

35
Q

In general, when is the sympathetic division active?

A

during exertion, stress or emergency

36
Q

the sympathetic division is also called….

A

the thoracolumbar division

37
Q

where on the spinal cord does the sympathetic division start and end?

A

starts at T1 and ends at L2

38
Q

an epidural injection is given where?

A

to L3 or L4 (BELOW the sympathetic division)

39
Q

how many cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic division?
name them

A

4:

III, VII, IX, and X

ocularmotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

40
Q

besides the cranial nerves, what other nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?

A

sacral nerves S2, S3, and S4

41
Q

the parasympathetic division is also called….

A

the craniosacral division

42
Q

when does the parasympathetic division predominate?

A

under resting conditions

43
Q

which preganglionic fibers are longer – sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic bc they have to go all the way from the brain/sacral regions of the spinal cord to the target organs

44
Q

true or false

the enteric nervous system is its own system apart from the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

A

true, but those divisions do influence it

45
Q

define the ENS (enteric nervous system)

A

an extensive network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract

46
Q

is there any CNS input in the enteric nervous system?

A

NO

47
Q

what does the ENS (enteric nervous system) do?

A

initiate and coordinate many complex local visceral reflexes with NO CNS INPUT

48
Q

how many neurons are part of the ENS?

A

~100 million

-At least as many as the spinal cord

49
Q

true or false

the ENS has different neurotransmitters than the brain

A

false - the same

50
Q

true or false

the ENS functions in a fully autonomous manner

A

FALSE – semi autonomous

it receives input from the outflow of the autonomic nervous system to modulate GI activity

also, it sends sensory information back to the CNS

51
Q

True or false

the ENS has no relation to the CNS

A

FALSE

it gets no input from the CNS, but it does send sensory info back to it

52
Q

what ensures the forward propulsion of gut contents, and the relaxation of sphincters when the gut wall contracts?

A

the enteric nervous system

53
Q

what plays a modulatory role for the enteric nervous system?

A

the parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that synapse on the enteric plexus neurons

54
Q

explain most neuron-neuron synapses in mammals

A

the neuromuscular junction is relatively “tight” meaning that the nerve ends very close to where the tissue is innervated.
therefore, the diffusion path from the nerve terminal to the postsynaptic receptors is very short AND EFFECTS ARE RELATIVELY RAPID AND LOCALIZED

55
Q

as mentioned, classic synapses like the mammalian neuromuscular junction have very rapid and localized effects.

what junctions have slower onset?

A

junctions between autonomic neuron terminals and effector cells (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands)

the discharge of a single motor fiber often activates many effector cells

56
Q

_______ preganglionic fibers are long

A

parasympathetic

POSTGANGLIONIC ARE SHORT

57
Q

postganglionic ______ fibers are long

A

sympathetic

58
Q

where is acetylcholine released?
it is a primary excitatory neurotransmitter for what?

A

at ANS ganglia
at somatic NMJ
at PARASYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC NERVE ENDINGS

a primary excitatory neurotransmitter to SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and SECRETORY CELLS IN THE ENS

59
Q

true or false

acetylcholine is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter to smooth muscle cells and secretory cells in the ENS

A

FALSE - excitatory

60
Q

what is the primary neurotransmitter at most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings?

A

norepinephrine

61
Q

what is 5-HT

A

serotonin

62
Q

where is serotonin an important neurotransmitter?

A

at excitatory neuron-neuron junctions in the ENS

63
Q

where is dopamine important?

A

a modulatory neurotransmitter in some ganglia and in the ENS

(possibly a postganglionic sympathetic transmitter in renal blood vessels)

64
Q

what does VIP stand for

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

65
Q

explain what VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) does

A

a vasodilator and cardiac stimulant

excitatory secretomotor transmitter in the ENS

66
Q

explain what substance P is

A

a sensory neurotransmitter in the ENS and elsewhere

related tachykinins are excitatory neurotransmitters with acetylcholine at ENS neuromuscular junctions

SUBSTANCE P IS A VASODILATOR

67
Q

true or false

substance P is a vasodilator

A

true

68
Q

true or false

ATP is a neurotransmitter

A

TRUE

acts as a transmitter or cotransmitter at many ANS-effector synapses

69
Q

what does CGRP stand for

A

calcitonin gene related peptide

70
Q

what does calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) do?

A

a neurotransmitter

found with substance P in cardiovascular sensory nerve fibers and some secretomotor ENS neurons

A CARDIAC STIMULANT

71
Q

Name 2 cardiac stimulant neurotransmitters

A

VIP
CGRP

72
Q
A

Pharmacology FINAL (11 decks)

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