Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
A
Epinephrine
2
Q
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
A
The heart
3
Q
Eicosanoids do not include
A
hydrocortisones
4
Q
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
A
humoral stimulation
5
Q
Aldosterone ____________
A
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
6
Q
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
A
enzyme
7
Q
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
A
direct control of the nervous system
8
Q
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
A
polycythemia
9
Q
oxytocin ___________
A
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
10
Q
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
A
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
11
Q
Which organ does not produce hormones?
A
spleen
12
Q
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ________.
A
aldosterone
13
Q
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
A
cortisol
14
Q
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
A
bones and skeletal muscles
15
Q
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
A
cortisol
16
Q
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
A
parathyroid hormone
17
Q
Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium?
A
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
18
Q
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________.
A
hypophyseal prtal system
19
Q
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________.
A
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
20
Q
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
A
leptin
21
Q
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.
A
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
22
Q
Addison’s disease is due to a insufficient output of glucocorticoids only.
A
false
23
Q
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
A
stimulates production of an action potential
24
Q
Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction?
A
feedback
25
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
26
Select the incorrect statement regarding blood cell formation.
Platelets are formed from myeloblasts.
27
Which of the following is not a functional characteristic of WBCs?
granulosis
28
Which of the following statements does not describe blood?
Blood carriers body cells to injured areas for repair
29
The primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones.
false
30
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
vascular spasm
31
Which sequence is correct for the following events?
1. fibrinogen → fibrin
2. clot retraction
3. formation of thromboplastin
4. prothrombin → thrombin
3, 4, 1, 2
32
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes?
They are nucleated.
33
The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
hemoglobin F
34
The immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting.
False
35
Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving white blood cells.
true
36
Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders?
excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
37
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
It is about 90% water.
38
An individual who is blood type AB negative can \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
39
The plasma protein that is the major contributor to osmotic pressure is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
albumin
40
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and causing an appearance of large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
pernicious anemia
41
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
monocytes
42
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
43
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood?
hemocytoblast
44
A person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or type O blood.
true
45
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
if the father is Rh-
46
Blood volume restorers include all of the following except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
packed cells
47
Thromboembolic disorders \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
48
Platelets \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
49
Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.
true
50
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
51
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
52
The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cardiac tamponade
53
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
pump blood with greater pressure
54
During contraction of heart muscle cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
55
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
56
As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.
true
57
Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing
58
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
59
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
AV valve
60
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
atrial depolarization
61
Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them.
true
62
Isovolumetric contraction \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
63
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
64
If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
65
Select the correct statement about the heart valves.
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
66
Select the correct statement about cardiac output.
A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
67
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
pumps blood against a greater resistance
68
The tricuspid valve is closed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
when the ventricle is in systole
69
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
70
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall.
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
71
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open?
Ventricles are in diastole.
72
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?
skin color
73
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
angina pectoris
74
Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood during right ventricular systole?
pulmonary trunk
75
To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
76
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
the vessel selected to palpate
77
The pulse pressure is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
78
Factors that aid venous return include all except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
urinary output
79
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
80
Secondary hypertension can be caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
arteriosclerosis
81
Peripheral resistance \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
increases as blood viscosity increases
82
Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
blood clotting
83
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
84
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
85
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
sinusoids
86
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
90/55
87
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure.
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
88
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
89
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
emotional state
90
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
muscular arteries
91
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
nitric acid
92
The velocity of blood flow is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
93
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
94
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
95
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
96
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?
97
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
98
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation?
tunica media
99
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
100
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart.
101
If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.
true
102
The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.
false
103
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
false
104
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tonsil
105
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
islets of Langerhans
106
Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.
false
107
There are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node.
false
108
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
109
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
110
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
pancreas
111
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
true
112
A sentinel node is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
113
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
114
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lingual tonsils
115
All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.
false
116
small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lymph nodes
117
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
118
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A and C
119
The thymus is most active during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
childhood
120
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
plasma cells
121
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
lymphocytes
122
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
directly fight antigens
123
Lymph transport involves all but which of the following?
** thorax pressure changes during breathing**
124
Lymph capillaries are absent in all except which of the following?
**bones and teeth**
125
The lymphatic capillaries are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**as permeable as blood capillaries**
126
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
False
127
Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
transporting respiratory gases
128
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
129
Lymph leaves a lymph node via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
efferent lymphatic vessels
130
Peyer's patches are found in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
ileum of the small intestine
131
If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.
True
132
The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.
False
133
The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
False
134
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tonsil
135
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
islets of Langerhans
136
Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.
false
137
There are more efferent lymphatic vessels leaving a lymph node than there are afferent vessels entering a lymph node.
false
138
When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
true
139
When the lymphatic structures of a limb are blocked due to tumors, the result is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
severe localized edema distal to the blockage of that limb
140
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
pancreas
141
The lymphatic capillaries are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
as permeable as blood capillaries
| (wrong answer!)
142
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
True
143
A sentinel node is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
144
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
145
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lingual tonsils
146
All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.
False
147
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lymph nodes
148
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
149
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
A & C
150
Lymph capillaries are absent in all except which of the following?
bones and teeth
| (WRONG ANSWER!)
151
The thymus is most active during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
childhood
152
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
lymphocytes
153
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
directly fight antigens
154
Lymph transport involves all but which of the following?
thorax pressure changes during breathing
(wrong answer)
155
Fever \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting
156
Select the correct statement about antigens.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
157
Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
allergic contact dermatitis
158
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?
chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing
159
Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
ype II diabetes
160
Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement?
NK cells are a type of neutrophil.
161
Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
162
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
163
Which of the following is not a type of T cell?
antigenic
164
What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
165
Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity?
intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells
(WRONG ANSWER)
166
Which of the following cells predominate at the sites of chronic infections?
Macrophages
167
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
phagocytes
168
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
vasodilation
169
Regulatory T cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
may function in preventing autoimmune reactions
170
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
bone marrow
171
The primary immune response \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
(WRONG ANSWER)
172
Interferons \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
interfere with viral replication within cells
173
The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
diapedesis
| (WRONG ANSWER)
174
Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity.
Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.
175
Which of the statements below does not describe antigens?
Antigens only come from microbes.
176
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
natural killer cells
177
Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection
178
Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work?
enhancing phagocytosis
| (WRONG ANSWER)
179
Natural killer (NK) cells \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
are also called cytotoxic T cells
| (WRONG ANSWER)
