Lecture 7A

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Study of the structure of organisms and their parts

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of the function of structures in an organism

Question 3

Emergent Property

Answer 3

A characteristic of a larger system which is described with multiple smaller parts (eg memory)

Question 4

Homeostasis

Answer 4

A state of balance among body systems needed for an organism to survive and function correctly

Question 5

Tissue

Answer 5

A group or layer of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Question 6

Extracellular Matrix

Answer 6

A network of proteins and other molecules outside of the cell to give structure, attachment, and communication

Question 7

Interstitial fluid

Answer 7

Fluid found in the spaces around cells

Question 8

Ground Substance

Answer 8

Amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular space except for fibrous materials. (Eg plasma in blood, cartilage)

Question 9

Four major animal tissue types

Answer 9

Epithelial, Muscle, Connective, and Nervous Tissues

Question 10

General functions of Epithelial tissue

Answer 10

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception

Question 11

Locations where epithelial tissue is found

Answer 11

Skin, GI tract, heart and vessels, lungs

Question 12

Simple v. Stratified Tissues

Answer 12

Simple: a single layer of cells
Stratified: multiple layers of cells

Question 13

Tissue cell shapes

Answer 13

Squamous: flat and spread out, comparable to a fried egg
Columnar: height is significantly longer than width
Cuboidal: cell is even all around, cube-like

Question 14

Polarity in cells

Answer 14

Expected in epithelial tissue, one side of the cell performs a different function than the other.

Question 15

Apical Side

Answer 15

Side of an epithelial cell which faces a free environment (air or liquid)

Question 16

Basal Side

Answer 16

Side of an epithelial cell that faces the body. Anchors to connective tissue.

Question 17

Basement membrane

Answer 17

Proteins that connect the basal side of the cell to the connective tissue

Question 18

General functions of muscle tissue

Answer 18

Movement, heat

Question 19

Actin

Answer 19

Subtype of cytoskeletal proteins.

Question 20

Myosin

Answer 20

Motor proteins which generate movement in one direction by “walking” along cytoskeletal fibers.

Question 21

How do skeletal muscles generate movement?

Answer 21

Myosin moves along actin contracting the cell.

Question 22

Skeletal muscle cell shape

Answer 22

Long and cylindrical with a “striped” appearance

Question 23

Muscle tissue types

Answer 23

Smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

Question 24

Connective tissue general functions

Answer 24

Support (anchor, cushion, connect, protect), insulation, transport (blood)

Question 25

Connective tissue subtypes

Answer 25

Loose, Fibrous, Adipose, Blood, and Bone

Question 26

Skeletal muscle functions

Answer 26

Voluntary movement, some reflexes

Question 27

Cardiac muscle function/location

Answer 27

Found in heart; smooth and rhythmic contractions

Question 28

Smooth muscle functions/locations

Answer 28

Digestive system; keep food moving
Blood vessels; control blood pressure

Question 29

Nervous tissue general functions and makeup

Answer 29

Communication; Senses, integrates, and sends information. Made of neurons and glial cells.

Question 30

Tissue type that makes up most exocrine/endocrine glands

Answer 30

Epithelial tissue

Question 31

Neuron function v. Glial cell function

Answer 31

Neuron: receive and send information
Glial cell: supply nutrients to and protect neurons. Surround neurons.

Question 32

Neuron cell parts and functions

Answer 32

Dendrites: branching structures that receive information
Cell body: supplies energy, proteins, and other materials to the axon
Axon: part of the neuron responsible for carrying signals away from the soma
Axon terminal: end of the axon responsible for sending a signal to another cell near it

Question 33

Describe a chemical synapse

Answer 33

Vesicles containing chemical signals travel through the axon to the axon terminal. They then exit the neuron and enter the interstitial fluid near the target cell. The target cell senses the chemical signal and reacts accordingly.

Question 34

Neurotransmitter

Answer 34

Endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body.

Question 35

Relationship between surface area and movement (exchange or absorption)

Answer 35

More surface area allows for more movement of materials across a membrane.