Lecture 8

Question 1

Ganglion

Answer 1

Collection of cell bodies located in the PNS that have similar function

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

collection of cell bodies located in the CNS that have similar function

Question 3

CNS

Answer 3

brain, spinal cord , cranium nerves

Question 4

PNS

Answer 4

Motor ( efferent ) Sensory ( afferent )

Question 5

Afferent

Answer 5

Approach the CNS

Question 6

Efferent

Answer 6

Evades the CNS

Question 7

Tract

Answer 7

bundle of CNS axons

Question 8

Nerve

Answer 8

bundle of axons only in the PNS

Question 9

Motor unit

Answer 9

lower motoneuron and its associated set of muscle fibres

Question 10

Lower motoneuron

Answer 10

Cell body in the ventral horm of the spinal cord and axon that innervates skeletal muscle

Question 11

Upper motoneuron

Answer 11

have their cell bodies in the
forebrain/brainstem and
send their axons to activate lower motoneurons

Question 12

Somatic

Answer 12

of the body / part of the body / things you control

Question 13

Visceral

Answer 13

deep organs, guts inner organs

Question 14

Grey matter

Answer 14

Neuronal cell bodies

Question 15

White matter

Answer 15

neuronal cell axons

Question 16

Sensory function

Answer 16

Sensory function: receptors detect internal and external
stimuli, carrying this info to your brain.

Question 17

Integrative function

Answer 17

NS processes sensory info by
analysing, storing and making decisions.

Question 18

Motor function

Answer 18

Upon integration, the NS elicits an
appropriate motor response, activating effectors
(muscles/glands)

Question 19

Neurons are the parenchymal cell

Answer 19

• Electrically excitable.
• Use action potentials (impulse).
• Stimulate/activate other neurons or target cells (muscle/gland).

Question 20

Action potential

Answer 20

Resting membrane potential -70 mV

Question 21

the synapse

Answer 21

Electrical vs Chemical Synapse

Question 22

Neuroglia CNS - Astrocyte

Answer 22

Astrocyte :
anchor neurons and blood vessels
regulate the Extracellular environment
Repair damaged tissue
facilitate the formation of the blood-brain barrier

feed neurons

Question 23

Blood-brain barrier

Answer 23

The wall between the brain and the blood cells ( facilitated by astrocytes )

Question 24

Neurogilia CNS - Oligodendrocyte

Answer 24

Myelianate ( myelin sheath insulating ) specific axons in the CNS
makes signals faster
ie stubbing toe at night takes a while to feel pain

Question 25

Neuroglia CNS - microglial cell

Answer 25

Acts as phagocytes fun fact brain doesn't have white blood cells so the microglial cells

Question 26

Neuroglia CNS - Ependymal cell

Answer 26

- line cavities - cilia circulate fluid around brain and spinal cord some secrete this fluid

Question 27

Schwann and satellite cells

Answer 27

Question 28

The skin of the brain

Answer 28

- zero connective tissues in the brain - Meninges are like the skin of the brain -

Question 29

Dura mater

Answer 29

outer part and folds of the dura mater help stabilise the position of the brain Dural folds produce venous sinuses to drain blood from the brain thick leather type

Question 30

Arachnoid mater

Answer 30

looks like a spiderweb in microscope Holds in CSF

Question 31

Pia mater

Answer 31

a contains nerves & blood vessels to nourish cells

Question 32

Gyri

Answer 32

brain is folded prod

Question 33

Sulci

Question 34

Folding

Question 35

Fun fact : Everyones brain does not look the same

Answer 35

there is weak association between folds in the brain and smartness

Question 36

CNS has 4 main parts

Answer 36

Question 37

Cerebrum has 5 lobes and 4 are related to the skull bones

Answer 37

Question 38

5th lobe limibic lobe 6th lobe insula

Question 39

Hemispheric specialisation

Answer 39

Question 40

Cerebellum

Answer 40

Cerebellum –interactions between regions together coordinate movement * Ridges (folia) cover exterior cerebellar surface; separated by shallow sulci; increases surface area of region

Question 41

Brainstem

Answer 41

one of the oldest components of the brain; vital to immediate survival * Nuclei control/function in – Basic homeostatic functions (heart rate and breathing rhythms) – Reflexes (programmed, automatic responses to stimuli) – Movement, sensation, and maintaining alertness

Question 42

Ventricles

Answer 42

like a system of caves in the brain Laterals connect to the third ventricle and then run to the mesencephalic aqueduct and then go into the fourth ventricle CSF constantly flows through these ventricles starting from the lateral ventricles

Question 43

CSF circulation

Answer 43

CSF starts producing from birth CSF is made by the choroid plexus Flows around the brain and spinal cord and is reabsorbed into venous circulation via arachnoid villi that pierce the dura Blockage produces hydrocephalus around 500 mls of CSF per day

Question 44

Thalamus

Answer 44

gateway to the cortex from the rest of the nervous system It lies either side of the third ventricleIt receives input from all areas of the nervous system

Question 45

Hypothalamus

Answer 45

Controls the ANS function This region controls hunger, thirst, sexual feelings, hormone and temperature regulation (basically, it regulates body homeostasis)

Question 46

Basal Ganglia

Answer 46

collection of 5 nuclei involved in the initiation of movements

Question 47

Corpus callosum

Answer 47

Brain hemispheres are connected by a bridge of axons called the corpus callosum Some people are actually born without one and recently some people used to have it cut out who had dangerous seizures people who have no corpus callosum may act like they have independent control of their two sides of the brain