Lecture 8 Flashcards
(28 cards)
Respiratory Infection Disease
- Common cold
- influenza
- pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
Viral pathogen that cause common cold?
- rhinovirus
-adenovirus - parainfluenza virus
-corona virus
Manifestation of the common cold
- sinusitis
- rhinitis
- pharyngitis
- headache
- nasal discharge and congestion
How the common cold entry and spread?
-gain entry through the nasal mucosal & surface of the eye
-by airborne & hand to hand or hand to infected surface
Viral pathogen that cause influenza?
Influenza virus
Symptom of influenza
-fever and chills
-headache
-muscle aches
-nasal discharge
-sore throat
-unproductive cough
What are the complications of influenza?
- cause marked inflammation of the respiratory epithelium through acute tissue damage and loss of ciliated cells
- may lead to co-infection of the passage with bacteria
- possible for influenza virus to infect lung virus itself lead to viral pneumonia
What is pneumonia?
=inflammation of the lower respiratory structure include bronchiole and alveoli.
Organism that can cause pneumonia?
-bacteria including influenza virus
-Fungi
-Virus
Bacteria that can cause bacterial pneumonia
Typical
-hemophilus influenza
-streptococcus pneumoniae
-Mycobacterium catarrhalis
-klebsiella pnuemonia
Atypical
-chlamydia pneumonia
-legionella pneumonia
-mycoplasma pneumonia
Typical bacterial pneumonia
-usually bacterial in origin
-organism replicates in the spaces of alveoli
Manifestation?
- Inflammation and accumulation of fluid in alveoli
- Infiltration of white blood cells and exudation that can be seen on the radiograph
3.high fever, chills, chest pain and malaise - Purulent sputum present
- Some degree of hypoxemia
Atypical pneumonia
-usually viral in origin
-organism replicates in the spaces around the alveoli
Manifestation? (Opposite of typical)
- Lack of accumulation of fluid
2, lack of infiltration of white blood cells
3.Milder symptoms - Not usually present on the radiograph
- Make the pts susceptible for bacterial pneumonia
Risk factor of the pneumonia
- elderly
- smokers
- chronically ill
- AIDS
-pts with chronic resp. Disease - those with viral infection
4 types of classification of the pneumonia
- Community acquired pneumonia
- Hospital- Hospital acquired pneumonia , Ventilator associated pneumonia
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Pneumonia caused by opportunistic organism (strike immunocompromised pts)
State two types of bacterial pneumonia and explain the differences between them.
1.Bronchopneumonia
-patchy distribution of inflammation generally more than one lobe
- start with bronchi then bronchioles and spread through the bronchial walls into the alveoli
- most common in children and very old
- caused by many pathogens
- causes low grade fever (37.1-38.1)
2.Lobar pneumonia
-part or all of the lobe fill with an exudate homogenously
-start with alveoli and spread through the pores of Kohn
- Occur at any ages
-caused by pneumococcus
- exudative consolidation
- caused high grade fever (38.2 and above)
Pathogenesis of bacterial pneumonia
- Organism reaches the lower respiratory tract
- Outpouring of inflammatory exudation and cells
- White blood cells phagocytise the organism and release the enzyme
- Portions of the lungs will fill with exudate and inflammatory cells and lead to consolidation.
Complications of pneumonia
-bronchiectasis
-Infection spread to the pleural cavity
- Necrosis
- Bacteraemia
Tuberculosis
- caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
- spread through airborne in tiny droplet.
Pathogenesis?
- Droplet of tubercle bacilli inhaled and enter the resp tract and travel to the small air sacs.
- Tubercle bacilli will replicates in the alveoli and infection started
3.Tubercle bacilli enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body
Latent tuberculosis infection to active Tb disease
- once the tubercle bacilli enter the alveoli, the system produces macrophages that creates the barrier surround the tubercle bacilli within 2 to 8 weeks.
- the cell that form barrier will keep the bacilli contained and under control
- however, if the immune system CANNOT control the tubercle bacilli under control, bacilli begin to replicates rapidly and cause the TB disease
Latent tuberculosis infection to active Tb disease
- once the tubercle bacilli enter the alveoli, the system produces macrophages that creates the barrier surround the tubercle bacilli within 2 to 8 weeks.
- the cell that form barrier will keep the bacilli contained and under control
- however, if the immune system CANNOT control the tubercle bacilli under control, bacilli begin to replicates rapidly and cause the TB disease
Symptom of Tb
-persistent cough
-night sweats
-Weight loss
Definition of obstructive pulmonary disease
Characterized by an increased in the resistance to the airflow owing the partial or complete obstruction from trachea and larger bronchi to terminal respiratory bronchioles. Pulmonary function test shoe decrease in the expiratory flow rate.
Type of disease under obstructive pulmonary disease.
- pulmonary emphysema
-chronic bronchitis - chronic asthma
- Bronchiectasis
What is the pulmonary emphysema and describe its pathogenesis
-Pulmonary emphysema is the destruction of alveoli elasticity due to breakdown of elastic fibers by protease.
-Turns the sphere-shaped of alveoli to the larger, irregular pockets with gaping holes in the inner walls
Pathogenesis
- Due to smoking habit
1. Increase the ROS
2. Increase the oxidative stress
3. Attract the inflammatory cells.
4. Alveolar macrophages will secrete the cytokine and recruit the neutrophils
5. Neutrophils then produce the elastase which can breakdown the elastic fiber.
6. Increase in the neutrophil will increase the production of elastase
7. Lead to destruction of elastic fibers and loss of natural elasticity of the alveoli.
5. Causes emphysema
