Lecture 8 Flashcards
(22 cards)
condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose level, your body’s main energy source; brain predominantly uses glucose for metabolic fuel not fats
hypoglycemia
condition of high blood sugar; untreated can lead to diabetic coma; persistence causes damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart
hyperglycemia
polypeptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas which stimulates uptake of glucose by cells (fed state), storage of energy (stimulates glycogen and lipid biosynthesis)
insulin
polypeptide hormone produced by alpha-cells of the pancreas which raises blood glucose level in blood
glucagon
transmembrane proteins which facilitate the transport of glucose through the plasma membrane of cells (Glut4 or SLC2A)
glucose transporters
tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-1, IGF-2 and belongs to the large class of tyrosine kinase receptors
insulin receptor
occurs on specific side chains of enzymes or receptors; process inactivates or activates enzymes reversibly
phosphorylation
amino acids used in phosphorylation
serine, threonine, tyrosine, and histidine
group of hormones that are released after eating and stimulate (augment) the release of insulin from beta cells of pancreas; gastrointestinal hormones that increase pancreatic insulin secretion by binding to and activating the GLP-1 receptor on pancreatic cells
incretins
2 main incretins
glucagon like peptide (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)
degrades DIP and GLP-1 (incretins) within the circulation
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)
Raises glucose levels
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells in pancreas
glucagon
lower glucose levels
insulin
secreted by beta cells in pancreas
insulin
main source of energy for brain
glucose
enzyme catalyzing a phosphorylation reaction
kinase
enzyme that removes phosphate residues
phosphatase
transmembrane receptor composed of an alpha and beta chain activated by insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2 and belongs to a class of tyrosine kinase receptors
insulin receptor
mediates intestinal absorption of glucose from the diet on the luminal side of the intestinal enterocyte; important in the glucose-mediated secretion of incretin hormones, GIP & GLP-1
SGLT1
important in the basolateral efflux of glucose into the blood stream
GLUT2
serine protease that lead to increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon levels and improve hyperglycemia
DPP-4 inhibitors
