Lecture 8 and extra info (Exam II)

Question 1

• Where is the phrenic nerve?
• What does it innervate?

Answer 1

• Between C3, C4, and C5
• Innervatesthe diaphragm

Question 2

• Where is the pudendal nerve?
• What does it innervate?

Answer 2

• Between S2, S3, S4
• Innervates your bladder and bowel reflexes

Question 3

• What is the sodium potassium pump?

Answer 3

• Pumps 3 sodiums out of the cell
• Pumps 2 potassiums into the cell
• Uses 1 ATP

Question 4

• What is the adenohypophysis?
• What is the neurophypophysis?

Answer 4

• A = anterior pituitary
• N = posterior pituitary

Question 5

What is the normal respiratory rate?

Answer 5

12 breaths per minute

Question 6

• What is normal pulmonary artery pressure?
• What is the MAP?

Answer 6

• 25/8mmHg
• MAP = 16mmHg

Question 7

• What is the start of pulmonary circulation?
• What is the pressure here?

Answer 7

• The pulmonary arteries
• Pressure = 16mmHg

Question 8

• What is the end of pulmonary circulation?
• What is the pressure here?

Answer 8

• Left atrium
• 2mmHg

Question 9

What is the delta pressure of pulmonary circulation?

Answer 9

• 16mmHg - 2mmHg = 14mmHg

Question 10

What is PVR?

Question 11

What is SVR?

Question 12

• Where are the carotid baroreceptors located?
• What are the innervated by?

Answer 12

• The bifurcation of the carotid artery. Also called the carotid sinus
• Innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve attached to the brain stem.

Question 13

• Where are the Aortic baroreceptors located?
• What are they innervated by?

Answer 13

• At the aortic arch
• Innervated by the vagus nerve

Question 14

What do the carotid and aortic baroreceptors do?

Answer 14

They work together to make sure our blood pressure and cardiac ouput remain stable when our body is undergoing changes.

Question 15

• What is the main SNS neurotransmitter/ catecholamine in our body?
• What is the 2nd most abundant?

Answer 15

• Norepinephrine
• Epinephrine

Question 16

• What do norepi and epi do when they are released into the body?
• Where are the 2 main places they are released from?

Answer 16

• Norepi and epi help regulate our SVR and contractility.
• Can be released locally by nerves or by the adrenal glands

Question 17

What will an increase in SVR and contractility do to our cardiac output and heart rate when norepi and epi are released?

Answer 17

• It will increase both Cardiac output and heart rate which will help us perfuse vital organs.

Question 18

What are the 2 circulatory beds where blood flow must be maintained at all at all costs?

Answer 18

• Coronary circulation
• The vascular beds of the central nervous system

Question 19

What is a vasopressin?

Answer 19

• A CV system reflexthat does not get involved in large amounts.
• It is modulated by changes in osmolarity
• If BP is low, the CV system will dump vasopressin into circulation to get more of an SVR increase (more than what epi or nerpi can do on their own).

Question 20

What is aldosterone?

Answer 20

• Release is controlled by the RAAS system and put into circulation when we need to increase blood pressure.
• The RAAS system releases ADH and aldosterone which allows us to hold onto more fluid.

Question 21

What makes our arterial blood look red?

Answer 21

More O2 and less CO2

Question 22

What makes our venous blood blook blue?

Answer 22

Less O2 and more CO2

Question 23

What is the Fick equation?

Answer 23

• An equation that looks at oxygen levels in the arterial blood and how much oxygen needs to be delivered or unloaded as blood moves through systemic circulation
• Essentially it is looking at arterial oxygenation and venous oxygenation

Question 24

What are the 2 different fick equation formulas?

Answer 24

• Fick’s Equation; solving for VO2
• VO2 = Qt x (CaO2 – CvO2)
• Fick Equation; solving for QT
• Qt = VO2 / (CaO2 – CvO2)
• Qt = Cardiac out in L/min or mL/min
• Units for CaO2 and CvO2 = 1dL = 100mL

Question 25

* What is VO2? * What is the normal value?

Answer 25

* VO2 = Total amount of O2 absorbed by the body per minute. * VO2 = 250mL O2/min

Question 26

* What is Qt? * What is the normal value?

Answer 26

* Qt = Cardiac out in L/min or mL/min * 5L/min

Question 27

* What is CaO2? * What is the normal value?

Answer 27

* CaO2 = total arterial oxygen content * 20mL O2/dL of blood

Question 28

* What is CvO2? * What is the normal value?

Answer 28

* CvO2 = Mixed venous oxygen content * 15mL O2/dL of blood

Question 29

What 2 things does the total oxygen content in arteries and veins include?

Answer 29

Bound oxygen + dissolved oxygen

Question 30

How much oxygen is delivered to the peripheral tissues during systemic circulation?

Answer 30

* 20mL O2/dL (CaO2) - 15mL O2/dL (CvO2) = 5mL O2/dL of blood