Lecture 8: The Structure of the CNS

Question 1

What is the Nervous System divided into?

Answer 1

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

What does the PNS divide into?

Answer 2

Autonomic and Somatic

Question 3

What does the Autonomic Nervous System divide into?

Answer 3

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 4

What are the 2 key areas of the CNS?

Answer 4

Brain and Spinal Cord

Question 5

What are the 3 brain structures/areas?

Answer 5

Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

Question 6

What does the forebrain divide into?

Answer 6

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

Question 7

What is the Telencephalom?

Answer 7

Looking at the cerebral cortex and the limbic system

Question 8

What is the Diencephalom?

Answer 8

Looking at the Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 9

What is the part of the midbrain called?

Answer 9

Mesencephalon

Question 10

What does the midbrain divide into?

Answer 10

Tectum and Tegmentum

Question 11

What does the hindbrain divide into?

Answer 11

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

Question 12

What is the Metencephalon?

Answer 12

Looks at the cerebellum and Pons

Question 13

What is the Myelencephalon?

Answer 13

Looks at the Medulla

Question 14

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic functions?

Answer 14

They work together to keep things in balance. Sympathetic increases something and the parasympathetic will decrease it (and vice versa). E.g. S will dilate pupils and PS constricts pupils. S accelerates hr and PS slows it down.

Question 15

What happens after a stimulus is triggered?

Answer 15

It is picked up by sensory receptors in the PNS.

Question 16

What happens after the stimulus triggered is picked up by sensory receptors?

Answer 16

This sense then detected in PNS.

Question 17

What happens once the sense is detected in the PNS?

Answer 17

It is then turned into sensory info and sent through to the CNS.

Question 18

What happens after the sense is turned into sensory info and sent to the CNS?

Answer 18

It goes through spinal cord and sends message to the brain.

Question 19

What happens after the message has been sent to the brain?

Answer 19

Brain needs to recognise the info and decide what to do with it.

Question 20

What happens after the brain recognises the info and decides what to do with it?

Answer 20

The CNS needs to send message back out through PNS through motor commands (may go to autonomic or somatic).

Question 21

What happens after the CNS sends the message back through the PNS?

Answer 21

If we need to execute the message might use voluntary skeletal movements or it might be involuntary (making sure heart is pumping quicker or more slowly.

Question 22

What are the signals coming in called?

Answer 22

Afferent signals

Question 23

What are the signals coming out called?

Answer 23

Efferent signals

Question 24

What is the VENTRAL anatomical direction?

Answer 24

Towards front of body and towards bottom of head

Question 25

What is the DORSAL anatomical direction?

Answer 25

Towards back of body and towards top of head

Question 26

What is the ANTERIOR/ROSTRAL anatomical direction?

Answer 26

Nose End

Question 27

What is the POSTERIOR/CAUDAL anatomical direction?

Answer 27

Tail End

Question 28

What is the LATERAL anatomical direction?

Answer 28

Towards the side

Question 29

What is the MEDIAL anatomical direction?

Answer 29

Towards the middle

Question 30

What is the BILATERAL anatomical direction?

Answer 30

On both sides of the body or head

Question 31

What is the IPSILATERAL anatomical direction?

Answer 31

On same side of body or head

Question 32

What is the CONTRALATERAL anatomical direction?

Answer 32

One opposite sides of body or head

Question 33

What are the 3 anatomical planes?

Answer 33

Horizontal, Sagittal and Coronal

Question 34

What is the Horizontal anatomical plane?

Answer 34

Cut horizontal

Question 35

What is the Sagittal anatomical plane?

Answer 35

Cut down the middle from the top (Vertical)

Question 36

What is the Coronal anatomical plane?

Answer 36

Cut like a slice of bread

Question 37

Where does the brain get energy from?

Answer 37

From the blood supply. Need a vast circulatory system to ensure constant supply of resources

Question 38

What are the facts about the brain?

Answer 38

The brain cannot store glucose. It relies on constant supply of blood for glucose and oxygen. Interruption in supply uses all the brains resources. Interruption causes unconsciousness. A few minutes of interruption can cause brain damage.

Question 39

What parts of the CNS need protecting and how are they protected?

Answer 39

The brain and spinal cord. Protected by skull and spinal column.

Question 40

What are Meninges?

Answer 40

A layer of packaging between skull and brain and then the spine and spinal column.

Question 41

What is Meningitis?

Answer 41

Infection or inflammation of the meninges

Question 42

What is the Blood-Brain-Barrier?

Answer 42

The CNS cannot kill viruses. BBB keeps out harmful substances. Small/uncharged molecules can pass through like O2 and CO2. Active transport system pumps essentials into brain - glucose, amino acids, vitamins and hormones

Question 43

What are the ventricles responsible for?

Answer 43

The production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Act as own cushion but produce CSF and send it out around the subarachnoid space. Acts as another layer of protection

Question 44

(HB) What does the Myelencephalon do?

Answer 44

Control of vital functions through receiving info on hr, bp, O2 and CO2 levels. Cardiovascular system, Respiration and Muscle Tone

Question 45

(HB) What does the Metencephalon pons do?

Answer 45

Serves as a link (bridge) between hindbrain and midbrain. Also involved in respiration, eye movement, facial expressions and chewing.

Question 46

(HB) What does the Metencephalon cerebellum do?

Answer 46

Communicates to motor cortex and sense organs - Voluntary muscle movement - Maintenance of balance - Muscle tone and posture

Question 47

(MB) What does the Mesencephalon do?

Answer 47

Tectum is roof and Tegmentum is covering. Major pathway for sensory and motor impulses between forebrain and hindbrain.

Question 48

(MB) What is the Tectum?

Answer 48

Audiorty and visual communication

Question 49

(MB) What is the Tegmentum?

Answer 49

Sensory processes, movement, motor control (substantia nigra)

Question 50

(FB) What is the Telencephalon?

Answer 50

The hemispheres

Question 51

(FB) What is the Diencephalon?

Answer 51

The interbrain

Question 52

(FB) What is the Diencephalon in regards to the thalamus?

Answer 52

Thalamus (chamber): Receives sensory info and relays to sensory processing in cortex

Question 53

What is the Diencephalon in regards to the hypothalamus?

Answer 53

Hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland. Regulation of the ANS and Endocrine System

Question 54

(FB) What is the Corpus Collosum? (Telencephalon)

Answer 54

It is the in the middle of the 2 hemispheres. nerve fibres connect the hemispheres

Question 55

(FB) What is the White Matter?

Answer 55

Axons covered in myelin sheath

Question 56

(FB) What is Grey Matter?

Answer 56

Cortex made up of cells.

Question 57

(FB) What is the Limbic System?

Answer 57

A group of structures involved in stress and emotion, memory storage and retrieval

Question 58

(FB) What is the Cingulate Gyrus?

Answer 58

Controls emotional behaviour

Question 59

(FB) What is the Fornix?

Answer 59

Links hippocampus to hypothalamus

Question 60

(FB) What is the Amygdala?

Answer 60

Emotional processing and motivation

Question 61

(FB) What is the Hippocampus?

Answer 61

Involved in learning and memory (detection of threat)

Question 62

(FB) What are the 3 major grooves that divide the cortex and create 4 major divisions?

Answer 62

Longitudinal Fissure Lateral Fissure Central Sulucus

Question 63

(FB) What does the Central Sulucus divide?

Answer 63

Divides the Frontal lobe from the Parietal Lobe

Question 64

(FB) What does the Longitudinal Fissure divide?

Answer 64

Divides Temporal Lobe from the Frontal and Parietal Lobe