Lecture 8 (Viral Diseases of Dogs I)

Question 1

What is the dog population of the USA?

Answer 1

65 million

Question 2

On Dr. Faulkner’s +/++/+++ scale of clinical importance & prevalence, only one canine virus was marked as +++ (most important), what was it?
a) Canine distemper
b) Canine influenza
c) Canine parvovirus
d) Rabies

Answer 2

c) canine parvovirus

Question 3

like in cows, Pseudorabies (Mad Itch or Aujezsky’s Disease) can occur in dogs and is a:

a) Poxvirus
b) Retrovirus
c) Herpesvirus
d) Influenzavirus

Answer 3

c) Herpesvirus

Question 4

what is the cause of hemorrhagic disease in puppies?

a) Canine herpesvirus 1
b) Canine herpesvirus 2
c) Porcine herpesvirus 1
d) Porcine herpesvirus 2

Answer 4

a) Canine herpesvirus 1

Question 5

t/f: Herpesviruses is a latent infection in the presence of serum antibodies

Answer 5

True

Question 6

how would you confirm a diagnosis of Herpesvirus?

Answer 6

diagnosis is confirmed by virus isolation and PCR

Question 7

How is Herpesvirus transmitted?

Answer 7

by direct contact and droplet/aerosol (infectious bodily fluids)

Question 8

-present worldwide in domestic and wild dogs
-seropositive rates of >30% are common in field dogs
-kennels can have rates of infection approaching 100%
-as many as 80-100% of dogs with a history of high exposure to other dogs (show/kennel dogs) will be found to have life-long, latent states of infection

a) Canine distemper
b) Canine parovirus
c) Canine herpesvirus
d) Rabies

Answer 8

c) Canine herpesvirus

Question 8

t/f: kennels can have rates of Canine Herpesvirus infection approaching 100%, and pups are always born with the disease

Answer 8

false - pups can be born without the disease because of maternal immunity

Question 9

t/f: herpesviruses is stable in the environment

Answer 9

false

Question 10

puppies that are _______________ of age are at the highest risk of disease with Canine Herpesvirus

a) between 1-3 weeks
b) between 2-4 weeks
c) > 4 weeks
d) 6+ months

Answer 10

a) between 1-3 weeks

Question 11

the mortality rate of Herpesvirus is high among puppies exposed during __________ and the first week of life

Answer 11

welping

Question 12

by what age in puppies is disease from Canine Herpesvirus rare?

a) between 1-3 weeks
b) between 2-4 weeks
c) > 4 weeks
d) 6+ months

Answer 12

d) 6+ months

Question 13

t/f: the disease progression for Canine Herpesvirus is rapid and most puppies will die within 24-48 hours after the onset of clinical signs

Answer 13

true

Question 14

which of the following is true in regards to the transmission of Canine Herpesvirus:

a) it is resistant in the environment and requires stronger disinfectants
b) transmission is through indirect contact with fomites
c) puppies over 6 months old are at the highest risk of disease
d) the mortality rate is high among puppies exposed in the first week of life

Answer 14

d) the mortality rate is high among puppies exposed in the first week of life

Question 15

is Canine Herpesvirus a localized or systemic disease?

Answer 15

systemic (generalized) disease

Question 16

what are some clinical signs of Canine Herpes in puppies (aka fading puppy syndrome)

Answer 16

-unwillingness to nurse
-hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
-hemorrhage (nosebleeds and bruises)
-CNS signs (blindness/staggering)

-depression
-restlessness
-hypothermia
-painful crying
-abdominal pain
-anorexia
-difficulty breathing
-nasal discharge
-yellow/green soft feces
-rash

Question 17

a systemic disease in puppies that presents with unwillingness to nurse, painful crying, hemorrhage (bruises & nose bleeds), and hypothermia in puppies // fortunately not commonly seen

a) Canine distemper
b) Canine parovirus
c) Canine herpesvirus
d) Rabies

Answer 17

c) Canine herpesvirus

Question 18

t/f: Canine Herpesvirus is a commonly seen disease

Answer 18

false

Question 19

-can cause mild runny nose/cough
-reproductive infection may cause vesicles/pustules of the vagina or prepuce
-vaginitis, decreased fertility, still births, abortions
-most adult infections are asymptomatic
-infected for life (may be capable of shedding virus whenever stressed)

a) Canine distemper
b) Canine parovirus
c) Canine herpesvirus
d) Rabies

Answer 19

c) Canine herpesvirus

Question 20

Puppy Necropsy findings:
-disseminated focal necrosis and hemorrhage of multiple organs (lungs/kidneys/adrenal glands/liver/GI)
-splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
-diffuse lymph node enlargement
-CNS lesions
a) Canine distemper
b) Canine parovirus
c) Canine herpesvirus

Answer 20

c) canine herpesvirus

Question 21

asymptomatic adults with Canine Herpes virus are infected for life and can shed the virus through secretions of their:

a) respiratory tract
b) reproductive tract
c) both
d) neither; the virus isn’t shed

Answer 21

c) both

Question 22

t/f: the Canine Herpesvirus can be isolated at any point as the animal is infected for life

Answer 22

false - cannot be isolated beyond 2-3 weeks past primary infection

Question 23

Canine Herpesvirus usually cannot be isolated past __-__ weeks past primary infection

Answer 23

2-3 weeks

Question 24

where can we collect samples from a dog to diagnose Canine Herpesvirus via viral culture?

Answer 24

-vaginal or prepuce swabs -respiratory secretions -organs of dead fetuses

Question 25

what supportive therapy can we offer to puppies with Canine Herpesvirus?

Answer 25

-heat lamp or pad -tube feeding

Question 26

t/f: intranuclear inclusions and syncytial cells are signs expected in the histopathology of Canine Herpesvirus

Answer 26

true

Question 27

-there is no vaccine for this virus in the US -prognosis is poor for puppies infected at birth or within the first 3 weeks of life -we can provide supportive care, but the prognosis is that survival is rare and often accompanied by permanent organ damage -your best bet is removal of puppies by C-section and isolating them during rearing a) Canine distemper b) Canine parovirus c) Canine herpesvirus d) Rabies

Answer 27

c) Canine herpesvirus

Question 28

survival of puppies with Canine Herpesvirus is rare and is often accompanied with... (Explain this)

Answer 28

permanent damage to multiple organ systems

Question 29

t/f: there is a vaccine that has been developed for Canine Herpesvirus in the United States

Answer 29

false - there is a killed vaccine available in Europe

Question 30

t/f: like in cows, Pseduorabies in dogs ties back to feral pigs...in this case it is when hunting dogs consume infected meat

Answer 30

true

Question 31

what type of virus is Pseudorabies in dogs?

Answer 31

Herpesvirus

Question 32

Pseudorabies is associated with dogs hunting _______ _______ or feeding the infected meat to dogs

Answer 32

feral pigs

Question 33

where is Pseudorabies common among feral pigs in the U.S.?

Answer 33

Southeastern USA

Question 34

List the clinical signs of Pseudorabies in dogs

Answer 34

-frenzy associated with intense pruritus -howling -signs simulate Rabies infection (but no tendency to attack humans or other animals) -paralysis of the jaws and pharynx accompanied by drooling of saliva

Question 35

which of the following is correct? a) Adenoviruses are large DNA viruses with 2 serotypes in dogs; Type 1 causing hepatitis and Type 2 causing tracheobronchitis b) Adenoviruses are large DNA viruses with 2 serotypes in dogs; Type 1 causing tracheobronchitis and Type 2 causing hepatitis c) Adenoviruses are large RNA viruses with 2 serotypes in dogs; Type 1 causing herpes and Type 2 causing tracheobronchitis d) Adenoviruses are large RNA viruses with 2 serotypes in dogs; Type 1 causing herpes and Type 2 causing tracheobronchitis

Answer 35

a) Adenoviruses are large DNA viruses with 2 serotypes in dogs; Type 1 causing hepatitis and Type 2 causing tracheobronchitis

Question 36

which of the following is true in regards to Pseduorabies in dogs: a) it is a Poxvirus b) it isn't seen in the USA c) there is no treatment, the dog doesn't recover, and it will even mutilate itself d) euthanasia is unwarranted most of the time

Answer 36

c) there is no treatment, the dog doesn't recover, and it will even mutilate itself *euthanasia is warranted

Question 37

t/f: Adenoviruses are resistant in the environment

Answer 37

true

Question 38

how can we confirm diagnosis of adenoviruses?

Answer 38

diagnosis is confirmed by virus isolation and PCR

Question 39

how are adenoviruses transmitted?

Answer 39

by direct contact and droplet/aerosol

Question 40

t/f: Adenoviruses is generally more important in mammals than in poultry

Answer 40

false - generally more important in poultry

Question 41

Kennel Cough is now known as the Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex (CIRDC) and that includes which viruses? a) Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluza, Distemper b) Bordetella bronchiseptica, CAV1, and Distemper c) CAV 2, Parainfluenza, and Distemper d) CAV 2, Influenza, and Distemper

Answer 41

c) CAV 2, Parainfluenza, and Distemper *Bordetella is a bacteria but also can cause Kennel Cough

Question 42

what is Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis also known as?

Answer 42

Kennel Cough

Question 43

______________________ is the most prevalent problem of upper respiratory airways in dogs; this is a highly contagious disease a) Bordetella bronchiseptica virus b) Canine Influenza c) Kennel Cough / CIRDC

Answer 43

c) Kennel Cough / CIRDC

Question 44

what are the clinical signs of CAV2 Infections?

Answer 44

-dry, hacking cough -loss of appetite and lethargy in more severe cases -productive cough

Question 45

what are the clinical signs of CAV2 Infections? with secondary bacterial infection:

Answer 45

-possibly vomiting and diarrhea -fever

Question 46

-characteristic dry, hacking cough suddenly developing 5-10 days after exposure to other dogs -fever if there is a secondary bacterial infection a) Canine adenovirus 2 b) Canine distemper c) Canine Influenza (H3N8)

Answer 46

a) Canine adenovirus 2

Question 47

_______ ______ should be suspected whenever a characteristic cough suddenly develops 5-10 days after exposure to other affected dogs

Answer 47

Infectious Tracheobronchitis

Question 48

you can make a definitive diagnosis of CAV2 via viral isolation from bronchial epithelium...what will you see?

Answer 48

large intranuclear inclusion bodies

Question 49

what is the treatment for a CAV2 infected dog that still has an appetitie? a) this virus is self-limiting; the dog can go back to life as normal b) if uncomplicated, you simply let the virus run its course but isolate the dog from others c) cough suppressants d) antibiotics

Answer 49

b) if uncomplicated, you simply let the virus run its course but isolate the dog from others *cough suppressants should only be used to make the dog more comfortable if it has a persistent, non-productive cough *antibiotics are not needed except in severe, chronic cases with secondary bacterial infections

Question 50

is there vaccination for CAV2?

Answer 50

yes, often in a combo vaccine (Vanguard Plus 5)

Question 51

-VERY RARE disease in U.S.A domestic dogs -sudden death form: die within 3-4 hours and no warning // mistaken for poisoning -severe form: bleeding gums, bloody diarrhea, shock, coma, dead within 5 days -moderate form: recover within 4-7 days but may have blue eye a) CAV1 b) CAV2 c) CSDV1 d) CSDV2

Answer 51

a) CAV1 - Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Question 52

can occur in wild foxes and cause encephalitis, but very rare in dogs in the U.S. due to common vaccination program a) Canine Distemper b) Infectious Canine Hepatitis c) Canine Herpes

Answer 52

b) Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Question 53

dogs that recover from a mediate form of Infectious Canine Hepatitis may develop...

Answer 53

blue eye

Question 54

when dogs have a sudden death form of Infectious Canine Hepatitis, their death is often mistaken for __________

Answer 54

poisoning

Question 55

Infectious Canine Hepatitis in wild foxes causes __________

Answer 55

encephalitis

Question 56

which form of Infectious Canine Hepatitis is this? -fever accompanied by depression and lethargy (3-4 hours) -no warning signs -death is often mistaken for poisoning a) sudden death form b) severe form c) moderate form

Answer 56

a) sudden death form

Question 56

which form of Infectious Canine Hepatitis is this? -fever accompanied by depression and lethargy (3-4 hours) -no warning signs -death is often mistaken for poisoning a) sudden death form b) severe form c) moderate form

Answer 56

a) sudden death form

Question 57

which form of Infectious Canine Hepatitis is this? -bleeding gums -bloody diarrhea may be accompanied by vomiting -animal may go into shock or fall into a coma -death occurs 3-5 days after onset of clinical signs a) sudden death form b) severe form c) moderate form

Answer 57

b) severe form

Question 58

which form of Infectious Canine Hepatitis is this? -depression // lethargy // abdominal pain // distention -pale mucous membranes // anorexia -recovery occurs within 4-7 days of onset of illness -dogs that recover may have corneal opacity (blue eye) a) sudden death form b) severe form c) moderate form

Answer 58

c) moderate form

Question 59

t/f: while dogs that recover from infectious canine hepatitis will have a lifelong immunity, they also continue to shed the virus in urine for up to 9 months

Answer 59

true

Question 60

-mostly affects young dogs -occurs principally in the mouth -can be very florid -causes bad breath -may require surgery -may induce cancer a) Canine Distemper b) Canine Hepatitis c) Canine Warts (Papillomavirus)

Answer 60

c) Canine Warts (Papillomavirus)

Question 61

which of the following is true regarding Canine Warts: a) it is caused by a paramyxovirus b) "typing" is established by serology not sequencing c) associated with squamous cell carcinomas d) studied as a model for human prostate cancer

Answer 61

c) associated with squamous cell carcinomas *Papillomavirus not paramyxovirus *typing by sequencing not serology *model for human cervical cancer

Question 62

is "typing" of Canine Warts (Papillomavirus) established through sequencing or serology?

Answer 62

sequencing

Question 63

Canine Warts have been associated with squamous cell carcinomas and are studied as human models of _________ cancer

Answer 63

cervical

Question 64

___________________ viruses attack WBCs and cause immune disease a) Parvovirus b) Retrovirus c) Herpesvirus d) Influenzavirus

Answer 64

a) Parvovirus

Question 65

t/f: Parvovirus is not resistant to the environment and disinfectants

Answer 65

false - it's very resistant

Question 66

Parvovirus only replicates in ________ cells

Answer 66

dividing

Question 67

-generalized neonatal disease -enteritis -myocarditis -panleukopenia a) Canine distemper b) Canine influenza c) Canine parvovirus d) Rabies

Answer 67

c) Canine parvovirus

Question 68

t/f: Parvoviruses have been recovered in cattle, horses, and rodents but under natural conditions they are not known to cause disease in these species

Answer 68

true

Question 69

the "Canine Parvovirus" causing disease as we know it in dogs a) CPV1c b) CPV2c

Answer 69

b) CPV2c

Question 70

originally isolated from military dogs in Germany in 1967, called "Canine Minute Virus"; not associated with disease a) Canine Parvovirus 1 b) Canine Parvovirus 2

Answer 70

a) Canine Parvovirus 1

Question 71

replicates only in dividing cells *hence why it can cause pancytopenia or cerebellar hypertrophy in kittens (related to cats having delayed development of the cerebellum) a) Papomaviruses b) Reoviruses c) Rhabdoviruses d) Parvoviruses

Answer 71

d) Parvoviruses

Question 72

t/f: Parvovirus can cause abortion or fetal abnormalities

Answer 72

true

Question 73

Parvovirus is.... a) highly contagious but restricted to dogs less than 6 months b) highly contagious affecting all ages over 6 months c) highly contagious affecting all ages; <6m old pups most susceptible d) highly contagious affecting all ages; <6w old pups most susceptible

Answer 73

c) highly contagious affecting all ages; <6m old pups most susceptible

Question 74

how would you diagnose Parvovirus?

Answer 74

-clinical presentation is confirmed by ELISA or PCR *the virus is difficult to isolate in cell culture

Question 75

how is Parvovirus transmitted?

Answer 75

transmission by contact and fomites

Question 76

what is the incubation period of Canine Parvovirus?

Answer 76

2-5 days

Question 77

what dog breeds are primarily affected by Canine Parvovirus?

Answer 77

-Rottweilers -Dobermans -Labradors -American Staffordshire Terries -German Shepherds -Alaskan Sled dogs

Question 78

-fever // depression (dull, sleepy, not interested) -anorexia // vomiting (may or may not be bloody) -diarrhea (may or may not be bloody) -appears ~2 days after infection -dehydration a) Canine distemper b) Canine influenza c) Canine parvovirus d) Rabies

Answer 78

c) Canine parvovirus

Question 79

this disease is importantly very resistant in the environment, able to survive some of our typical disinfectants and requiring specific attention such as using chlorox a) Canine distemper (a Paramyxovirus) b) Canine influenza c) Canine parvovirus d) Rabies

Answer 79

c) Canine parvovirus

Question 80

Mycocarditis in puppies (is or was) relatively common: a) in historical CPV1 b) in historical CPV2 c) in modern CPV1 d) in modern CPV2

Answer 80

b) in historical CPV2 *common when CPV2 first appeared *now puppies have a passive immunity usually so its rare

Question 81

when Canine Parvovirus was newly found in dogs, puppies were seen to die due to this heart condition related to the virus

Answer 81

Myocarditis

Question 82

modern Canine Parvovirus was originally: a) CPV1 - it resulted from a mutation in feline leukemia virus (FeLV) that allowed it to bind to canine TfR receptors b) CPV2 - it resulted from a mutation in feline leukemia virus (FeLV) that allowed it to bind to canine TfR receptors c) CPV1 - it resulted from a mutation in feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) that allowed it to bind to canine TfR receptors d) CPV2 - it resulted from a mutation in feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) that allowed it to bind to canine TfR receptors

Answer 82

d) CPV2 - it resulted from a mutation in feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) that allowed it to bind to canine TfR receptors

Question 83

t/f: modern Canine Parvovirus is CPV2

Answer 83

false *CPV2 has become extinct and replaced by variants. CPV-2c is the 2021 prevalent version

Question 84

the capsid of feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) uses the transferrin receptor ______________ to bind and enter feline cells for infection

Answer 84

type-1 (TfR)

Question 85

t/f: FPLV is able to bind to the TfR of dog cells

Answer 85

false - it cannot bind to the TfR of dog cells

Question 86

which best describes the state of Parvovirus vaccination: a) there is a proven 1-year MLV vaccine but it is strain specific b) there is a proven 1-year mRNA vaccine and it offers max protection against all strains c) there is a proven 1-year MLV vaccine and it offers maximum protection against all strains d) there are issues adapting to the new CPV-2c strain

Answer 86

c) there is a proven 1-year MLV vaccine and it offers maximum protection against all strains *utilizing the CPV-2b strain

Question 87

this disinfectant/household cleaner is one of the only ones that can inactivate canine parvovirus

Answer 87

bleach (clorox) 1:30 dilution

Question 88

-in humans: cause colds, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome -in poultry: cause of infectious bronchitis -in swine: cause transmissible gastroenteritis and porcine epidemic diarrhea -in dogs, cattle, & horses: causes mild enteritis and mild respiratory disease -in cats: causes feline infectious peritonitis a) Parvoviruses b) Coronaviruses c) Papillomavirus d) Canine Hepatits

Answer 88

b) Coronaviruses

Question 89

t/f: coronavirus is spread through contact with oral secretions or contact with infected feces

Answer 89

true