Lecture 9

Question 1

What are the 5 traditions of qualitative research?

Answer 1

1. Biographical study (life history)
2. Phenomenology (lived experience)
3. Grounded theory
4. Ethnography (incl. PAR)
5. Qualitative case study

Question 2

____ ____ studies the experiences of
individuals in which individuals describe their
experiences in great details.

Answer 2

Biographical research

Question 3

An individual’s life can reflect these 4 cultural themes of the society and the social contexts:

Answer 3

1. the social space
2. the social structure
3. the social situations
4. the social relations

Question 4

Reasons that ____ ____ are undertaken depend on the people being studied and on those who conduct the study. There exist unknown facets of the subject’s life and a wealth of source material must be available for mining.

Answer 4

biographical studies

Question 5

What is the more specific term that researchers
use to describe an extensive autobiographical
narrative, in either oral or written form, that covers all
or most of a life?

Answer 5

Life history

Question 6

What may be the best way to write a biographical study?

Answer 6

Interview

Question 7

The sources of information used for biographical study

can be collected through: (3)

Answer 7

• conservations
• from documents and archival materials
• published or unpublished documents

Question 8

How is a biographical study done?

Answer 8

The researcher collects individuals’ personal
recollections of events together with the
causes, and their effects of these events from
one or several individuals.

Question 9

The biographical researcher needs to collect

____ information about the subject of the biography.

Answer 9

broad

Question 10

This is a description of what type of study?

“Researchers ask open-ended questions to
capture how the person understands his or her own
past. Exact accuracy in the story is less critical than
the story itself. Researchers recognize that the
person may reconstruct or add present interpretations
to the past; the person may rewrite his or her story.
The main purpose is to get at how the respondent
sees or remembers the past, not just some kind of
subjective truth.”

Answer 10

Biographical

Question 11

What tool may researchers use during biographical life study that asks the respondent what happened at various dates and in several areas of life, including education, migration, occupation and experiences in major social changes?

Answer 11

Life grid

Question 12

True or false: In biographical study, the researcher can’t use artifacts to induce the interview.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

True or false: In biographical study, the research may find an existing archive or create a new one of the person.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True of false: Biographical research can be objective and should strive for objectivity.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What should the researcher personally do in biographical study?

Answer 15

Declare any conflicts or perceived subjectivity.

The biographical writer needs to be able to bring himself or herself into the narrative and acknowledge his or her standpoint using an interpretive approach.

Question 16

This is a description of what:

a philosophy or method of inquiry based
on the assumption that reality consists of objects and
events perceived or understood in human consciousness,
and not of anything independent of human consciousness

Answer 16

Phenomenology

Question 17

True or false: The word phenomenon is derived from the Greek verb “to appear” or “show”.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

In the philosophy of Kant (1724-1804), our experience is
always of the phenomenal world conveyed by our ____
since we do not have direct access to things in themselves,
(he called “thing-in-itself” noumenal)

Answer 18

sense

Question 19

Phenomenology asks us to use our senses to ____ and ____ the world around us.

Answer 19

observe; understand

Question 20

True or false: Kant said there are many ways to experience the world around us.

Answer 20

False: the only way to experience the world is through stimulus we process via our senses.

Question 21

True or false: Phenomenology is the only way we are able to see/process the world around us.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Who initiated the phenomenology movement?

Answer 22

Edmund Husserl (U of Gottingen) in 1905.

Question 23

What was Husserl’s intention?

Answer 23

To make possible a descriptive account of the essential structures of the directly given.

Question 24

What is this the definition of?

Things as apprehended by consciousness, rather than
on the existence of anything outside of human consciousness.

Answer 24

Phenomena

Question 25

Phenomenology restricts its attention to the ____ ____ | of consciousness, which is uncontaminated by metaphysical theories or scientific assumptions of the researcher.

Answer 25

pure data

Question 26

____ studies the consciousness and experience as experienced from the subjective or first person point of view.

Answer 26

Phenomenology

Question 27

What is metaphysical theory based on, and what does it do to the data?

Answer 27

Logic, deduction and scientific assumption of research. Metaphysics contaminates the data because it provides researchers with a framework -- not just pure intake or observation.

Question 28

True or false: According to Husserl in phenomenology, a necessary prior step was to eliminate all presuppositions and prejudices--whether philosophical, scientific, or naive--concerning the world and our knowledge of it.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Although phenomenology intends to be scientific, it does not attempt to study ____ from the perspective of clinical psychology, neurology, cognitive psychology and the empirical examinations. Instead, it investigates through systematic reflection to explore the essential properties and structures of lived experience.

Answer 29

consciousness

Question 30

Before the development of phenomenology, researchers thought we could understand everything and were attempting to understand the ____ of all things.

Answer 30

essence

Question 31

After the development of phenomenology, researchers understood that everything we know is ____, and that we can only observe and understand ____ via our senses.

Answer 31

phenomena; phenomena

Question 32

True or false: Phenomenology as a discipline has been central to the tradition of continental European philosophy throughout the 20th century, (different from the the Austro-Anglo- American tradition of analytic philosophy).

Answer 32

True

Question 33

``` True or false: Phenomenology have been further developed by his students, Stein and Heidegger and by existentialists including Sartre (influenced by Nietzsche), and other philosophers, e.g. Gadamer ```

Answer 33

True

Question 34

In phenomenological study, the researchers have to put aside their own ____ and ____ and try to grasp what a phenomenon means for the respondent. The phenomena not as they appear to "my" consciousness of the researcher, but to the consciousness of the respondent (preposition suspended). Then, and only then, the researchers can ask what the phenomenon means for the society in general. (This is the classical phenomenology.)

Answer 34

biases; beliefs

Question 35

This describes what type of study: "Questions are raised as to how people think, believe, choose, and why people engage in certain activities. Emphasis is given to the use of consistent strategies for confronting recurrent situations. The researcher may observe the habit of people sitting at arm’s length on the bus without any forms of interaction, while on the first day class, the same strangers would not hesitate to contact."

Answer 35

Phenomenology

Question 36

The most common methods for phenomenology are: (3)

Answer 36

1 Interview 2. Participant observations 3. Documentary analysis

Question 37

Describe the three distinguishable methods used in the | analysis of classical phenomenology:

Answer 37

1) DESCRIBE a type of experience just as we find it in our own (past) experience, the pure description of lived experience. 2) INTERPRET a type of experience by relating it to relevant social and linguistic context, hermeneutics. 3) ANALYZE the form of a type of experience, factoring out notable features for further elaboration.

Question 38

____ ____ study derives interpretations inductively from raw data with continual comparison and interplay between data and emerging interpretations.

Answer 38

Grounded theory

Question 39

Sociologists Glaser and Strauss developed the constant comparative method, which later came to be known as ____ ____.

Answer 39

grounded theory

Question 40

Grounded theory was developed as a ____ methodology of generating theory from data.

Answer 40

systematic

Question 41

True or false: Since their original publication, Glaser and Strauss have disagreed on grounded theory. If you are using grounded theory, you must confirm whether you are using grounded theory according to Glaser or Strauss.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Not only interview or observational data but also ____ or ____ analyses can be used in the comparative process as well as literature data from science or media or even fiction according to Glaser.

Answer 42

surveys; statistical analyses

Question 43

This ordered list represents what kind of study? 1. A research question 2. Select the participants (purposive, theoretical sampling) 3. Data-collection (mostly through interview) Note-taking Coding and memoing Sorting Concepts Categories (similar concepts that used to generate a theory) “Writing theory”

Answer 43

Grounded theory

Question 44

What is the key to research in grounded theory?

Answer 44

Constant comparison (Compare interviews, theory develops, and then compare data to this theory)

Question 45

Describe the grounded theory process: (CIATSS)

Answer 45

1. CONSTANT COMPARISON: compare interview to interview, theory emerges, then you compare data to theory. 2. IDENTIFY CATEGORIES: Write comparisons in the margin of the note-taking as coding. The task is to identify categories (themes or variables) and their properties (in effect their sub-categories). 3. ACCUMULATION: As the data collection and coding proceeds the codes and the memos accumulate. 4. THEORETICAL SAMPLING: Add new cases to your sample through theoretical sampling which increases the diversity of the sample, searching for different properties. 5. SATURATION: If no additional category is added when you increase new cases, the categories are saturated. This is a sign that you stop adding new cases, and it is time to move on to sorting. 6. SORTING: Group your memos in a way of making your theory the clearest.

Question 46

Why is it called grounded theory?

Answer 46

Because the proponents feel as though the theory is grounded on data.

Question 47

True or false: grounded theory is a deductive approach.

Answer 47

False (inductive: from observations to theory)

Question 48

This describes what kind of study? - Inductive approach, from observations to theory. - Procedures are formulated in a way that different researcher can produce the same results, if they follow the procedure. - A high reliability. - These features may be posited it on positivism.

Answer 48

Grounded theory

Question 49

What does ethnography focus on?

Answer 49

It focuses on providing a detailed and accurate description of a culture from the viewpoint of an insider rather than the way the researcher understands things.

Question 50

Typically, the ____ study focuses on a community or a group of people, selecting participants who have an overview of the activities of the community, and obtaining a saturation of informants in all empirical areas of investigation.

Answer 50

ethnographical

Question 51

____ ____ research is a kind of ethnography (often used in | social work studied.

Answer 51

Participatory action

Question 52

True or false: Data analysis usually takes place throughout the entire ethnographical research process.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

List and define the 4 different ethonographical perspectives:

Answer 53

1. Macro-ethnography - studies a broadly-defined cultural groupings, such as "the French" or a country. 2. Micro-ethnography - studies narrowly-defined cultural groupings, such as a small community or members of a club. 3. Emic perspective - is the approach that members of the given culture perceive their world. The emic perspective is the main stream of ethnography. 4. Etic perspective - is the approach that non-members (outsiders) perceive and interpret behaviours and phenomena associated with a given culture.

Question 54

___ ___ research is neither new nor essentially qualitative.

Answer 54

Case study

Question 55

Instead of using large samples and following a rigid protocol to investigate a limited number of variables, this type of study involves an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single case. It provides a systematic way of examine events, collecting and analyze data, and report the results.

Answer 55

Case study

Question 56

___ ___ should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.

Answer 56

Case study

Question 57

True or false: Case study can include multiple cases, can include quantitative evidence, and multiple sources of evidence, and can benefit from the prior development of theoretical propositions.

Answer 57

True