Lecture 9 Flashcards
Joints
1
Q
Joints serve what purpose?
A
holds bones together, permits movement
2
Q
What are the 3 kinds of points of contact for joints?
A
Between
1. Bone and Bone
2. Cartilage and Bone
3. Teeth and Bones
3
Q
What are the 3 functional classifications of Joints?
A
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
4
Q
What is meant by Sympharthrosis?
A
an immovable jiont
5
Q
What is meant by Amphiarthrosis?
A
a slightly moveable joint
6
Q
What is meant by Diarthrosis?
A
a moveable joint
7
Q
Current joint nomenclature is based on what?
A
Structural Classification
8
Q
What are the 2 ways bones connect to form joints?
A
- Via solid masses of CT
- Via CT capsule that surrounds lubricated cavity
9
Q
What is the term for a moveable joint?
A
Diarthrosis
10
Q
What are the 2 types of joints that connect bones via solid CT masses
A
- Fibrous Joints
- Catrtilaginous Joints
11
Q
What is the term for an immovable joint?
A
Synarthrosis
12
Q
the CT Masses that form Fibrous Joints area made of what CT?
A
Dense Irregular CT
13
Q
What are the kinds of Synovial Joints? (6)
A
- Planar
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball and Socket
14
Q
What is the term for a slightly moveable joint?
A
Amphiarthrosis
15
Q
Ligaments bind what to what?
A
Bone to Bone
16
Q
What is a sprain?
A
twisting of a joint
stretches or tears in ligament
no dislocation
-ankle or lower back
17
Q
What are the 3 types of Sprains?
A
- Grade I
- Grade II
- Grae III
18
Q
What type of connective tissue is composed of strong bands connecting bone to bone?
A
Ligaments
19
Q
What Sprain Grade is characterized by a 20-75% tear?
A
Grade II
20
Q
What Sprain Grade is characterized by a stretch to a 20% tear?
A
Grade I
21
Q
What Sprain Grade is characterized by a 75% to a complete tear
A
Grade III
22
Q
What is a strain?
A
an overstretched or partial tear - less serious
23
Q
Strains often occur when…
A
a muscle contracts suddenly
24
Q
What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints?
A
- Sutures
- Syndesmoses
- Interosseous Membranes
25
Articulating bones held by solid mass of dense irregular connective tissue
Fibrous Joints
26
Synostosis
bony joint
27
Which of the Fibrous Joints is characterized by joints with irregular and interlocking edges?
Suture
28
Which of the Fibrous Joints is characterized by connecting bones w a ligament?
Syndesmoses
29
What is the term for an articulation between the distal fibula and the fibular notch of tibia?
Distal Tibiofibular Joint
30
What is the term for a joint anchoring the root of teeth to its socket?
Gomphosis
31
Which of the Fibrous Joints is characterized by large sheets of Dense Irregular CT connecting bones?
Interosseous Membranes
32
What level of mobility does the Suture Fibrous Joint allow for?
Immovable to slightly moveable
33
What level of mobility does the Interosseous Membrane Fibrous Joint allow for?
Slight movement
34
Interosseous Membranes connect what bones?
Tibia to Fibula
Radius to Ulna
35
True or false: both fibrous joints and cartilaginous joints have synovial cavities.
False
36
What level of mobility do Cartilaginous Joints allow for?
little to no movement
37
What are the 3 kinds of Cartilaginous Joints?
1. Synchondroses
2. Symphyses
3. Epiphyseal Cartilages
38
What is the connecting material of Synchondroses Cart Joints?
Hyaline Cartilage
39
What level of mobility do Syndroses Joints allow for?
slightly moveable to immoveable
40
Synchondroses cartilaginous joints
a joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage
41
What is the term for a joint in which the bones are connected by flat disc of fibrocartilage?
Symphyses Cart Joint
42
Symphyses Cartilage Joints are connected by ____ ____ of _____, but are have end bones covered in ____ ____.
Flat Disc Fibrocartilage; Hyaline Cartilage
43
What level of mobility do Symphyses Cart Joints allow for?
Slightly Moveable
44
Which of the 3 Cartilaginous Joints is characterized by bones being united by Hyaline Cartilage?
Synchondroses Cart joints
45
Symphyses Cartilaginous Joints are found in mainly what area of the body?
Midline of body
46
What are 2 examples of structures that use Symphyses Cartilaginous Joints?
1. Pubis Symphysis
2. Manubrium
47
Which of the 3 main kinds of cartilage is considered the growth centre?
Epiphyseal Cart joints
48
What is the connecting material associated with Epiphyseal Joints?
Hyaline Cartilage
49
What level of mobility do Epiphyseal Cart Joints allow for?
None; immoveable
50
What is an example of Epiphyseal Cartilage in the body
Epiphyseal Plates - located beneath the Epiphysis/Head of long bones
(located where the anatomical neck is)
51
What is the function of an Epiphyseal Cartilage
It is a growth plate
- eventually ossifies with maturity
-this leaves solid bone; epiphyseal closure
52
What is a Synovial Joint?
A fully moveable joint in which the a cavity is present between the two articulating bones
53
What is the cavity between two articulating bones known as?
Synovial Cavity
54
Synovial Cavity is filled with what?
Synovial Fluid
55
What is the function of Synovial Fluid? (2)
-Lubrication
-Shock Absorption
56
What is the Synovial Fluid composed of? (2)
- Hyaluronic Acid
- Interstitial Fluid
57
What is the Synovial Cavity surrounded by?
The Articular Capsule; CT
58
Articular Cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
59
What is kind of Cartilage is the Articular Cartilage?
Hyaline Cartilage
60
What is the term for the Fibrous Envelope that encloses a Synovial Joint?
the Articular Capsule
61
What are the 2 layers of the Articular Capsule?
1. Fibrous Membrane
2. Synovial Membrane
62
The Fibrous Membrane of the Articular Capsule is composed mainly of what?
Mainly Collagen
63
What are the structures that are superficial to the joint/articular capsule, protecting articular cartilages
Fat Pads
64
LECTURE 15 & 16
65
What is the Bursae?
A fluid-filled saclike extension of the Joint Capsule
66
The Bursae does what?
reduce friction between moving structures
67
What is Bursitis?
chronic inflammation of a bursa
68
What is the term for tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons?
Tendon Sheaths
69
Tendon Sheaths are found where?
Ankle and Wrists - where many tendons come together in confined space
70
The surgical repair of a joint is known as what?
Athroplasty
71
What is another term used for Synovial Joints?
Diarthroses
72
What kind of movement do Plane Joints exhibit?
Side to side
Back and forth
+ some rotation
73
What are examples of Plane Joints?
- Intercarpal or intertarsal joints
- Sternoclavicular joint
- Acromioclavicular joints
- Sternocostal joints
- Vertebrocostal joints
74
What kind of movement do Hinge Joints exhibit?
-Flexion
-Extension
75
What is the type of bone in which a convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone?
Hinge Joint
76
What does "Monaxial" mean?
movement in one plane; elbow, ankle
77
What are some examples of Hinge Joint locations?
- knee
-elbow
-ankle
78
What is a Hinge Joint?
Where one convex bone fits into a concave second bone
79
What kind of movement do Pivot Joints exhibit?
rotation around its own longitudinal axis
80
What are examples of Pivotal Joint locations?
-proximal/distal radioulnar joint
-atlanto-axial joint
81
What is a Condyloid Joint?
an oval-shaped projection that fits into a oval depression
82
What is meant by biaxial?
movement in 2 planes
83
What kind of movement do Condyloid Joints exhibit?
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
84
What are examples of condyloid joint locations?
Wrist
metacarpophalangeal joints for 2-5 digits
85
What is a Saddle Joint?
where one bone is saddle shaped and the other fits into it
86
What kind of movement do Saddle Joints exhibit?
-flexion/extension
-adduction/abduction
-limited circumduction
87
What is an example of a Saddle Joint?
carpometacarpal joint
88
What is a Ball and Socket joint?
where a ball shape fits into a cup-like depression
89
What kind of movement do Ball and Socket Joints exhibit?
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
-rotation
+ circumduction
90
What are examples of Ball and Socket Joints?
-shoulder joint
-hip joint
91
What factors affect ROM?
- shape / structure of articulating bones
-strength/tension of joint ligaments
-arrangement/tension of muscles
-contact of soft parts
-hormones
-disuse
92
Why do joints degenerate as we age?
-decrease in synovial fluid production
-thinning of articular cartilage
-shortening/loss of flexibility of ligaments
93
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis
A jointdisease; inflammation of the joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in deformities
94
What is osteoarthritis?
A joint disease; inflammation of the bones and joints
