- absorptive heterotroph - decomposer (saprobes, saprotrophs) - cell wall of chitin (poly-glucosamine) and glucans (polysaccharide)

- only small portion of biomass - reproduction - fairy ring

Lecture 9 Flashcards by Elaine Lau

What is the largest organisms by area?

fungus

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Humongous Fungus

invades roots; through DNA fingerprinting has been determined one organisms spans over 1000 hectors

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Fungus as “Friend”

more benefits from fungus than harm

break down lignin and cellulose

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Fungi

absorptive heterotroph
decomposer (saprobes, saprotrophs)
cell wall of chitin (poly-glucosamine) and glucans (polysaccharide)

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absorptive heterotroph

don’t synthesize, release enzymes into the environment that partially digests organic matter then draw nutrients in across cell wall

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saprobes

feed on dead organic matter

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chitin

poly-glucosamine

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glucan

polysaccharide

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Produce spores - Fungus

single cell that yields new organisms, disperse from parent and can live out unfavourable condition

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Fungus - similarities to plants and animals (3)

multicellular (unicellular yeast budding)
terrestrial
produce spores

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Fungus - Filamentous (5)

provide large surface area
divided into cell-like components by porous septae
cytoplasm is continuous
hyphae - long branched filaments
mycelium - tangled mass of hyphae

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mycelia (4)

mycelium (dense hyphae) 
mycelium of absorptive structure (spaced hyphae, to absorb more nutrients) 
fruiting body (capable of producing spores)

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Stucture

most fungus is underground

-above ground is a fruiting body

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fruiting bodies

only small portion of biomass
reproduction
fairy ring

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symbiotic

commensal (+/0)
mutualistic (+/+)
parasitic (+/-)

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saprophytic

decomposer

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predatory

create loops as noose that tightens down on nematode that accidentally swam through it, then secretes enzymes into nematode for digestion

How is fungus important to plant’s growth and survival?

mycorrhiza (mutualistic relationship with plant root)
fungus receives carb
plant receives minerals
plant grows bigger if with fungus

endomycorrhiza

within plant root and cell(80%)

ectomycorrhiza

hyphae extends into soil and cell wall but not cells

Fungal hyphae in stem (When?)

long history
older than vascular plants
Devonian period (385 MYA)

Lichen with fungus

fungus + cyanbacterium/green algae

-given protection from desiccation (dryness) & algae provides photosynthetic products to fungus

Lichen

pioneer species in newly formed habitats
sensitive to poison air
breaks down rock to form soil
tolerate extreme climates
food for tundra
diverse

Lichen mutualistic relationship with leaf cutter ant

feed fungal colony that breaks down cellulose
hyphae feed to any
ants provide protection

Fungi - Pathogens (6)

- ring worms - ergot in rye - athlete's foot - thrush - tar spots - corn smut fungal infection are harder to treat than bacteria coz it's closer in relationship with animal

spores of fungus

unicellular reproductive structure; asesually/ sexually

mushroom gill

basidia - spores

fungus - asexually (4)

- budding - fission - conidia (spores at the end of hyphae) - spores in sporangia disperse by air/water (puffball)

Phylogeny of Fungi

- flourish by Permian period - closely related to animals than plants - domain of botanists for 100 years - 100,000 species

Chytrid and Zygomecetes

potentially arises multiple times or some traits are lost, phylogeny is not clear

Basidiomycota

mushrooms

yeast

- unicellular - have plasmid (good for model for genetics) - belong to zygomecetes, basidiomycota, ascomycota

microsporidia

- relationship to other eukaryotes have puzzled taxonomists for decades - Among smallest eukaryotic organisms - Unicellular - Lack mitochondria, but instead have mitosomes (derived from mitochondria, but lack DNA) - Obligate intracellular parasites

Chytrides (paraphyletic)

- aquatic - 1000 species - flagellated gametes and spores (only group with motile stage) - unicellular and multicellular stage - saprobic, mutualistic, parasitic (affected frog epidermis, causing global decline of amphibians) - only fungi with alternating life cycle

Zygomycota

- saprobic, parasitic, terrestrial - >1000 species - spores contained in sporangia astop specialized hyphae

Zygomycota - reproduction cycle

- haplontic life cycle - Zygosporangium - resistant spore - dikaryotic cycle: cytoplasm fuse but not nuclei (plasmogamy) leads to this phase then nuclei fuse in karyogamy

Glomeromycota

- >200 species - terrestrial - form arbuscular endomycorrhizae - transfer phosphorus to plants - no known sexual stage

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

- terrestrial, aquatic - fruiting bodies = basidiocraps - 30,000 species - saprobes - ectomycorrhizae - only group able to digest lignin - rusts & smuts

Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)

- diploid stage very short | - cytoplasm and nuclei fusion not parallel

Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

- terrestrial, aquatic - fruiting bodies with sacs: morels, truffles - 70,000 - conidia produced asexually in specialized hyphae - karyogamy before plasmogamy - Pseudogymnoascus destructans: cold-loving; important to conservation - fungal infection on bats: white nose syndrome