Lecture 9 Coastal vegetation Flashcards

Question

Bruguiera hainesii • rare in Singapore, with only a few known specimens; one at Pasir Ris, one at Kranji Nature Trail and two at Pulau Ubin. • Bruguiera sexangula • two on Pulau Tekong, and two at Sungei Buloh and it is being replanted at Chek Jawa, Pulau Ubin and at Pasir Ris Park.

Answer 1

For chloroplast DNA markers, the two haplotypes found in B. hainesii were shared only by B. cylindrica. These results suggested that B. hainesii is a hybrid between B. cylindrica as the maternal parent and B. gymnorhiza as the paternal one

Answer 2

suck plant sap

Answer 3

most enjoyable habitat Sandy beach = Coast which consists of sands (such as quartz grains), usually between two rocky headlands Sandy beaches undergo – Erosion – Accretion – Continual cycle of erosion-accretion, depending on prevailing sea currents

Answer 4

``` Like reclaimed land’s conditions, since reclamation is at the coastline • High light intensity • High wind speeds • High maximum temperatures • Low relative humidity • Salt spray ― physiological dryness ```

Answer 5

Ecological succession = Process of continuous, uni-directional change in the vegetation (Revision) • 2 stages – Pes-caprae association (after the seashore morning glory, Ipomoea pes-caprae) • Starts on bare ground (on accreting beaches) • Non-woody (herbaceous) plants (herbs, trailers) – Barringtonia association (after the sea putat, Barringtonia asiatica) • Succeeds pes-caprae association • Woody plants (shrubs, trees, epiphytes) CAPRAE - BARE BARRINGTONIA - TALLER pes caprae = goat's foot

Answer 6

bat pollinated water dispersed fruit barringtonia

Answer 7

even rarer through reclamation or development

Answer 8

more extreme than sandy beach ``` – Hot rocks day and night – Little or no soil – Strong wave action – Landslides • High light intensity • High wind speeds • High maximum temperatures • Low relative humidity • Salt spray ― Physiological dryness ```

Answer 9

``` • Have to be species that can tolerate these harsh conditions • Thus a very small subset of Singapore’s flora • Some examples 1. mentigi 2. superb fig 3. sea purselane 4. pelir musang 5. sea teak ``` leaves tend to be thick to store water

Answer 10

``` Have to be able to cope with the harsh conditions, e.g. salinity • Similar animals in mangrove forest, sandy beaches and rocky shores or cliffs • Dependent on plants for food and shelter • Types – Molluscs – Crabs – Mud lobster – Fishes – Reptiles ```

Answer 11

1. telescope shell 2. red berry snail 3. mangrove slug 4. mangrove periwinkle 5. common nerite

Answer 12

1. face-banded sesarmine 2. tree-climbing crab 3. fiddler crab

Answer 13

Makes mud lobster mounds in mangrove forest that changes the habitat significantly ― a keystone species • Animals which live in or forage in and round the mud lobster mounds – ant – mound crab – mud shrimp – file snake like earthworms they feed on bacteria

Answer 14

adapted to changing salinity of habitat Archer fishes mudskipper

Answer 15

``` Versatile, terrestrial and aquatic habits • Examples – water monitor – dog-faced water snake – estuarine crocodile ``` NO KOMODO DRAGON

Answer 16

• Direct values (products which are consumed by their use; Singapore’s earlier days) – Timber – Fuelwood and charcoal (especially from bakau) BAKAU PILES – Wood for chipboard – Tannins and dyes

Answer 17

``` Direct values (products which are consumed by their use; Singapore’s earlier days) – Nipah palm products (attap chee, gula Melaka, roofing thatch, salt, etc.) ```

Answer 18

fruit | inflorescence

Answer 19

``` Direct values (products which are consumed by their use; Singapore’s earlier days) – Seafood (cockles, oysters, mussels, crabs, prawns, fish) – Commercial honey – Seaweed – Live pet food (crabeating frog for arrowanas) – Land ```

Answer 20

``` Indirect values (services which are not consumed by their utilization; present day Singapore) – Food for marine organisms from the detritus food chain starting with the fallen mangrove tree leaves (food webs more realistic) – Nurseries for juvenile fish, prawns, crabs, etc ```

Answer 21

``` Indirect values (services which are not consumed by their utilization; present day Singapore) – Natural sewage treatment – Protection and stabilization of the coastline (within limits; tsunamis can wipe out mangrove forests!) – Carbon sequestration – Deforestation also release Carbon into atmosphere ``` Mangrove forest can protect inshore areas even in hurricanes as seen here in Honduras

Answer 22

``` – Ecotourism (mangrove forests are interesting; beaches for swimming or recreation; cliffs and rocky shores for their rugged and wild beauty) – Education ```

Answer 23

``` Indirect values (services which are not consumed by their utilization; present day Singapore) – Potential sources for industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals and other products and their corresponding genes for producing such – Ornamental plants for use on roadsides, parks and gardens ``` Yellow flame (very similar to roadside condition) pong pong sea almond Factor C extracted from the blood of the horseshoe crab which binds to bacterial endotoxins; blue blood - ability to bind toxins. gene isolated to manufacture this at DBS, NUS

Answer 24

``` • Natural coastal habitats are now very rare in Singapore so must be well protected • Propagation and replanting of coastal plant species • Setting up Labrador Nature Reserve in 1 Jan 2002 – Good move by government – Developments (restaurant inside; spa and hotel just outside) nearby should be monitored • Threat of oil or chemical spills from shipping traffic by accidents or terrorist attack ```

Answer 25

Marine debri in mangroves

Lecture 9 Coastal vegetation Flashcards

(50 cards)